Page 217 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_PUNJABI

iekweI-22: sPIiq

Krc iv`c ktoqI ƒ iek pRiq-sPIiqkwrI hwiQXwr dy rup iv`c swvDwnI nwl p@Xog kIqw jwxw cwihdw hY[ srkwr È؇
dI surSw jW ivkwswqmk Krc ƒ G`twxw lgBg AwqmGwqI (suicidal) hY[ iehdy Awlwvw, iBn XojnwvW dy
iv`ckwl pirXojnwvW ƒ C`f dyx dw koeI lwB nhI hY[ iesleI srkwr ƒ ibnw mqlb dy Krc ƒ G`t qo G`t
rKxw cwihdw hY[
(K) kr pRxwlI (Taxation) – kr lokW dy hwQW iv`c pRXojX Awmdn dI mwqrw inrDwirq krdy hn[ nvy krW
dw Aropx Aqy krW iv`c drW dI viriD iek hor lokW dI Krc Skiq G`t krdy hn, dUjI Aor, ieh sPIiq dw
swmnw krx dy leI srkwr dy leI sMswDn pYdw krdy hn[ ies qrW, hr-sPIiqkwrI kr pRxwlI dw audyS
pRXojX Awmdn G`t krxw hox cwihdw hY. jyVI kI hor aopBog qy Krc kIqI jWdI hY[ srkwr rwhI pRwpq kr
Awgm (tax revenue) jrUrI Krc bnwey rKx dy leI pRXog kI jwxI cwihdI hY[
srkwr ƒ pRqXS Aqy ApRqXS krW dw cMgw sMXog p@Xog krxw cwihdw hY[ Awmdn kr, sMpiq kr, Krc kr,
Awid pRqXS kr pRXojX Awmdn ƒ G`t krdy hn Aqy mMg qy dbwv pYdy hn[ ApRqXS kr ivAwpk ivsqwr
qo AwlwvW lwB dy nwl smwn pRBwv vI pYdw kr skdy hn[ pr, ApRqXS kr siQr Awmdn ArjkW (fixed
income earners) dy au`qy bhuq v`D pYdy hn, ijnW ƒ pwihlW hI sPIiq qo v`DW nukswn puMj cuikAw hY[ aqpwd
Sulk Aqy ivlws vsquAW dw hor imldy juldy kr Awroipq krky iesƒ Byd-Bwv pRBwv (discrimination effect)
ƒ TIk kIqw jw skdw hY[ ieh vsquAW ArQ-ivvsQw dy kyvl a`c Awmdn vrgW rwhI apoBog kI jWdI hY[
pr ApRqXS kr apXukq nhI hY, ikauik ieh vsquAW dy mu`l ƒ v`Dwky lwgqjnX sPIiq ƒ v`Dwdy hY[
(g) swrvjink auDwr Aqy krz (Public Borrowing and Debt) – kr dy smwx swvjink krz dw mu`K
audyS lokW dI v`D qo v`D Krc Skiq ƒ G`tw dyxw hY, jyVw jykr svqMqr C`f idqI jWdI hY, qW mMg qy arDvmuKI
dbwv (upward pressure) pwvygI[ jykr Kud dw auDwr (voluntary borrowing) vWiCq pirxwm pYdw nhI
krdw, qW srkwr jrUrI auDwr (compulsory borrowing) dw shwrw ly skdI hY[ AinvwrX bcqW dw iek
rup, jrUrI krz nwrvy, bylijXm Aqy hw`lYNf iv`c pRXog kIqy jw cuky hn[
sPIiq dy dorwx mudrw pRswr dI viriD ƒ rokx dy leI, srkwr ƒ Apxy iksy ipCly krj dw vwps Bugqwn twl
dyxw cwihdw hY[ iehdy Awlvw, jykr sMBv ho, qW lokW dI vrqmwx Kird Skiq ƒ G`t krx dy leI krmcwirAW
dy vyqn dy ihsy ƒ C`f dyxw cwihdw hY[jdo sPIiq Kqm ho jWdI hY jW ArQ-ivvsQw iv`c mMdI dI AwSw hovy,
qW sQwigq Kird Skiq k`fI jw skdI hY[ iesy qrW, sPIiq dy dorwx vyqn sMSoDn bwkieAW (pay revision
arrears) dw nkd Bugqwn krx dI bjwey auhnW ƒ B`ivK iniD Kwqo iv`c sDwnWqirq kr dyxw cwihdw hY[ SWqI
kwl do dorwx Awmqor qy AinvwirAW bcqy Aqy sQwigq BugqwnW ƒ twl dyxw cwihdw hY[

3. hor aupwA (Other Measures)
sPIiq dw ivroD krx dy leI mOdirk Aqy rwjkoSIA aupwAW ƒ purw krx dy leI iBn Amodirk aupwey Apnwny
cwihdy hn[
(k) mu`l inXMqrx Aqy ivqrx inXMqrx (Price Control and Rationing) – ieh m`ul vieiD ƒ inXMqirq
krx dw iek cMgw aupwA hY[ mu`l inXqrx dw Bwv kwnUnI au`c sImw dI sQwpnw krxw hY, ijQy krky ivSyS
vsquAW dy mu`l v`Dxy nhI idqy jWdy[ dujI Aor, ivqrx inXMqrx dw kMm mu`l siQrqw iv`c shwiek siQiqAW ƒ
pYdw krx dy leI Alp purqI dI vsquAw ƒ lokW iv`c inAW sMgq qrIky nwl ivqirq krxw hY[ mu`l inXMqrx
Aqy ivqrx inXMqrx Awmqor qy nwl nwl cldy hn[ pr ies qrW dI pRiq sPIiqkwrI apwAieAW qy lwgu krxw
muSkl hY[ AkuSl Aqy qRSt pRSwsn dy kwrx ieh inXMqrx, inXMqrx iv`c rKI vsquAW iv`c kwlw bwzwrI
pRyirq kr skdy hn[ iehdy AlwvW, purI igxqI iv`c jrUrI aqBogqw vsquAW dI ivqrx inXNqrx pRxwlI
(rationing system) dy AMqgrq ivvsQw krx dI ivvhwirk muSkwlW dy kwrx ivqrx inXMqrx dI apXoigqw
sIimq hY[ ieh aupwA apBogqwvW dI AwjwdI Aqy kilXwx ƒ vI sIimq krdy hn[
XuD dy dorwx mu`l inXMqrx mu`K qor qy pRBwvpurx aupwA hY, jdo sPIiq ƒ rokx dy hor aupwey bykwr ho jWdy hn[
keI dySW ny dujy ivSv dy dorwx mu`l inXMqrx ApxieAW Aqy XuD qo bwd dy smy iv`c jwrI rwiKAw[ ies XuD
kwl dy dorwx, pRcNf sPIiq dy Plsvrup keI jrUrI ArQ-ivvsQw dy kmjor vrgW dI puMj qo bwhr clI geI

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