Page 214 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_PUNJABI

smStI ArQSwsqr dy isDWq

È؇ auh swry sPIiq kwl dy dorwx lwB pRwpq krdy hn[ vsquAW dy mu`l aqpwdn lwgq dI bwjey v`D qyj dr nwl
v`Ddy hn[ vsquAW dy mu`l iv`c viriD Aqy mjduirAW, ibAwj, ikrwieAW, bImw ikSqW, ieqXwid AwgqW dy
mu`l iv`c viriD dy iv`c sdw iek smy AMqrwl huMdw hY[ iesleI auhnW dI lwB mwqrwvW (profit margins) v`D
jWdI hY[ aqpwdk Aqy ivAwpwrI vI vsquAW dI kirqirm kMmI pYdw krky ivSwl lwB pYdw krdy hn[ (ijQy)
kwrx Aqy mu`l viriD huMdI hY[ ivkrX Aiqryk (marketable surplus) dy nwl v`fy ikswnW ƒ vI mu`l viriD
dw lwB huMdw hY, Kwskrky auh ikswn jyVy siPiq sMvydI PslW (inflation sensitive Crops) augwdy hn[ Awm
qor qy ienW PslW dy mu`l inrimq vsquAW dy mu`l dI bjwey qyjI nwl v`Ddy hn[ KyqIbwVI vwsquAW dI bylocdwr
mMg ikswnW ƒ vsquAW sMcX krx ƒ pyirq krdI hY, ijQy nwl auhnW ƒ Bwiv`S iv`c au`cy mu`l qy byicAw jwvygw[
jIvx ibqwx leI KyqI qy lgy Coty ikswn sPIiq qo v`D pRBwivq nhI huMdy[
lgwqwr mu`l p`Dr v`Dx nwl aqpwdn AinSicqqw dy kwrx sPIiq sty dI kirAwvW ƒ pRoqswhn dydI hY[ v`D
lwBW ƒ kwmx dy leI auqpwdn Aqy ivAwpwrI vI mudrw ƒ auqpwdn kirAwvW iv`c invyS krx dI bjwey sty
dI kirAwvW qy lgy rihdy hn[ ies qrW, sPIiq kwl iv`c aqpwdk ivSwl lwB pRwpq krdy hn[
(K) krzdwr Aqy krz dyx vwlw (Debtors and Creditors) - krzdwr auh (lok) hn, jo mudrw auDwr lYNdy
hn Aqy asdw Biv`K ivc aus qy (Awey) ibAwz dy nwl dubwrw Bugqwn krdy hn[ sPIiq dy pirxwm srUp
krzdwr lwB cuk`dy hn, ikauik mudrw dw vwsqivk m`ul , ijsnUM auh moVdy hn, sPIiq dy kwrx if`g jWdw
hY[ iesdy ielwvw, auh sPIiq dy dorwn dubwrw Bugwqn rwhIN vsquAW Aqy syvWvW dy rUp ivc G`t iqAwg krdy
hn, ikauik sPIiq mudrw dw mu`l Aqy ies qrW KrIdSkiq ifgw dydI hY[ iesƒ iek Awswn audwhrx rwhI
smiJAw jw skdw hY[ mn ilijey, inihq Awj 10% pR. v. ibAwj dI dr qo 100 rupy aDwr lYdW hY[ jykr
iek swl bwd krj Aqy ibAwj dy lotwx vyly ArQ-ivvsQw iv`c sPIiq huMdI hY, qW 100 rupy dI m`ul rwiS Aqy
10 rupy dI ibAwj rwiS donW dw vwsqivk mu`l ifg jwdW hY[ jykr auDwr ibAwj qo ibnW huMdw hY, qW vI 100
rupy auDwr lYx dy vyly dI bjwey sPIiq dy smy G`t mu`lvwn huMdw hY[ vsquAW jyVI auh auDwr dyx dy vyly 100 rupy
iv`c KrId skdw sI, ausƒ auh 100 rupy qo v`D dI lwgq pvygI jdo sPIiq Gitq ho jWdI hY[ ies qrW vDdy
hoey mu`l krzdwr ƒ lwB pRdwn krdy hn[ iehdy ault, krz dyx vwlw sPIiq dy kwrx nukswn auTwdy hn,
ikauik auhnW ƒ jyVI (rwiS) auDwr idqI sI, auh (auhnW dI) bjwey G`t KrIdSkiq vwps pRwpq krdy hn[
(g) invySk (|nvestors) – sPIiq dy kwrx AMSW (shares) dy invySk Awmqor qy lwb pRwpq krdy hn[ sPIiq
dy dorwx, PrmW ivSwl lwB pYdw krdI hY[ iesleI AMS Dwrk iek hor lwBWS Arijq krdy hY[ dujI Aor AMSW
dy mu`l iv`c viriD hox dy kwrx, auh puMjIgq lwB vI pRwpq kr skdy hY[
siQr ibAwj dyx vwly boNf (bonds) Aqy krjpqr (debentures) dy invySkW ƒ nukswn phucMdI hY, ikauik
sPIiq dy dorwx ieho ijhy invyS iv`c vwsqivk Awmdn ifg jWdI hY[ jdo sPIiq qyj (pRcMf) huMdI hY, qW
mudrw dw mu`l ifgxy dy kwrx muSkwl nwl Arijq bcqy purI qrW imt jWdI hY[ Coty invySkW ƒ sbqo ijAwdw
nukswn phucwdI hY, jyVI ApxI bcqy swviD jmwvW (fixed deposits) Aqy bcq bYNk Kwqo, B`ivKiniDAW Aqy
bImw XojnwvW ƒ rKdy hn[ iehI kwrx hY ik lok apBogqw vsquAw iv`c Krc krxw v`D pMsd krdy hn[ auh
bcq krx iv`c sMkoc (reluctant) hody hn[ifgI hoeI bcqW iv`c, puMjI inrmwx Aqy krj qy pRiqkul pRBwv
pYdW hY[ Plsvrup aqpwdI AwriQk kirAwvW iv`c invyS ƒ D`kw (set back) shxw pYdw hY[ iehdI Bwrq
vrgy Aplivkisq dyS dy AwriQk ivkws qy gMBIr pRiqkirAw hovyggI, ijQy bcqW dw iqn coQeI qo v`D ihsw
girhsq Kyqr qo pYdw huMdw hY[
(G) siQr Awmdn kmwx vwlw vrg (Fixed Income Earning Class) – mjdUrI, vyqn pRwpq krx vwly
Aqy siQr Awmdn vwly hor ivAkiqAW ƒ siPiq qo gMBIr rup iv`c cot phucdI hY[ hor ivAkiqAW iv`c pySn
BogI, siQr ibAwj Aqy ikrwieAw pRwpq krx vwly Swml hn[ auhnW dI mudrw Awmdn lgBg siQr hY,
jdik aun vsquAW Aqy syvwvW dy mu`l ijnW ƒ auh KrIdx dw ivcwr krdy hn, bhu`q qyjI nwl v`D rhy huMdy hn
(1) cuMik auhnW dI kmweI dI Krc Skiq ifg jWdI hY, iesleI auhnW ƒ nukswn phujwdW hY[ vwriSk viriDAW
(annual increments) jW mhgweI Aqy hor Bqo dy AsmXoijq (untimely) Bugqwn rwhI vyqnW iv`c viriD v`Ddy
hoey mu`l dy nwl kdm imlwx iv`c AsPl rwihdW hY[
ivSwl sMgiTq Kyqr iv`c inXukq (employed) Srimk SkiqSwlI mjdur sMGo (trade unions) dy jirey pRbND

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