Page 211 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_PUNJABI

iekweI-22: sPIiq

kuMflI – wage – price spiral ) bxw dyNdw hY,ijsnUM mjdUrI jnXw sPIiq ikhw jWdw hY[ ieh sPIiq È؇
ApUrxqw pRiqXogI (imperfectly competitive) mjdUr bwjwr iv`c pweI jWdI hY ijQy mjdUr AsMgiTq
huMdw hY Aqy SkiqSwlI pRwiDkwirAW aqpwdkW rwhIN dimq kIqw jWdw hY, auQy (ieh sPIiq) sMBv nhI hY[
(ii) lwB dIAW aucIAW mwqrWvW (Higher Profit Margins) - eykwiDkwrI (monopolists) aqpwdkW, jmWKorW
Aqy s`tybwjW rwhI lwB dIAW aucIAW mwqrWvw inXq krn nwl vI lwgq nUM v~DwieAw jw skdw hY[
auh iksy lwgq virDI dI GwtwpUriq dy leI pRXwpq qoN v`D mu`LW nUM v`Dwaux dI siQqI iv`c huMdy hn[
bwjwr ivc hor lok eykiDkwrI dI dieAw qy huMdy hn Aqy auhnW kol aunW nUM (mu`lW nUM) inSicq mMn lYx
dy ielwvw koeI ivklp nhIN huMdw[ ikauNik mMg pUriq qON v`D huMdI hY, AMq aqpwdkW nUM lwB huMdw hY[ pr
pUrxqw pRiqXogI bwjwr iv`c lwBjnXw sPIiq dI sMBwvnw vrijq kr id`qI geI hY[ ieh KyqI aqpwdW
dy bwjwr dy leI s`c hY[pr, jdoN KyqI aqpwdnW dy mu`l srkwr rwhIN inSicq kIqy jWdy hn, qW sMgiTq
ikswn lobI dw aus mu`l qy kuJ inXMqrx ho skdw hY, ijs qy ieh KyqI aupj nUM vycdI hY[ Bwrq iv`c
ikRSk lobI srkwr qy aup mu`lW ƒ suinSicq rKx dy leI srkwr nUM mjbUr krx iv`c kwPI h`d q`k jrUr
sPl hoeI hY, jo lwBjinXw sPIiq dw mUl kwrx bixAw[ lwBjinAw sPIiq, mjdUrI jinXw sPIiq dy
pirxwmsrUp vI ho skdI hY[ lwBjinXW sPIiq nUM Q`ly ilAwauxw ApySwkrq srl hY, ikauNik iesdy
leI kyvl aqpwdkW rwhIN KrId mu`l ivc kmI krx dI loV huMdI hY[ pr, iek vwr kdy nW Kqm hox
vwlI mjdUrI-mu`l kuMflI (wage-price spiral) dy pRkt hox qy, mjdUr-mu`l sPIiq nUM htwauxw kiTn hY[
(iii) au`cy kr (Higher Taxes) – srkwr ivivDqwpUrx krW nUM pyS krky Aqy vrqmwn krW, ivSyS rUp nwl
aqpwd Sulk (Excise Duties) Aqy KrId krW, ijvyN ApRiqAS krW dIAW drW nUM vD~W ky lwgq nUM
v`Dw skdI hY[aqpwdk vsquAW dy mu`lW nUM v`Dw ky krW dy Bwr nMU apBokqWvW qy pw idMdy hn[
(iv) mUlBUq AwgqW dI aplbqw Aqy mu`l (Availability and prices of Basic Inputs) - jdoN AnukUl Aqy
mUlBUl k`cy mwl Aqy hor AwgqW dw ABwv ho jWdw hY, qW ahnW dy mu`l eykweyk v`D jWdy hn[ Anyk
mhq`vpUrx AwgqW srkwr Aqy hor pRwiDkwirAW rwhIN inXMqirq kIqIAW jWdIAW hn[auhnW dy mu`l pUriq
sMgTnW rwhIN sMcwilq kIqy jWdy hn[adwhrx dy leI, k`cy qyl dw mu`l pytroilAm inirAwqk dyS sMgTn
(OPEC) rwhIN inrDwirq kIqw jWdw hY[ ikauik Anyk aDXogW dy leI qyl iek mUlBUq Awgq dw rUp
Dwrx krdw hY, OPEC rwhIN iesdy mu`l iv`c inrMqr virDI (upward revisions) ienW swry aDXogW
nUM pRBwivq krdw hY[ iesleI, iek mUlBUq Awgq dy mu`lW ivc virDI mu`lW dy Awm p~Dr nuMU vDwaux dy
leI kwPI hY Aqy ArQivvsQw ivc lwgq jinXw sPIiq dw sroq ho skdw hY[

(v) hor kwrk (Other Factors) –ApRXwpq, A`qAiDk,AinXimq vr`Kw Aqy h`V, sU`Kw , Akwl ieqAwid
hor kudrqI AwPqW dy kwrx KyqI aqpwdn iv`c kmI swmuihk pUriq nUM G`tw idMdI hY Aqy KyqI dIAW
vsquAW dw mu`l vDw idMdI hY[ iesI qrW, hVqwl, qwlwbMdI, ibjlI pUrqI dy ivgV jwx nwl AooiDXoigk
aqpwdn if`g jWdw hY[ srkwr dI GrylU jW ivdySI nIiq pUriq vkr dy auqy iKsk skdI hY, ijsdy
pirxwmsrUp mu`lW ivc aDrvgwmI pRvriq (AwrMB) ho jWdI hY[
mMg pRyirq Aqy lwgqjinXw sPIiq AMqrsMbMiDq (inter-related) hY Aqy ArQivvsQw ivc ieko ijhI rihMdI hY[
swDnW dy mu`lW ivc virDI lwgqjinA sPIiq pYdw krdI hY[ lwgqjinA sPIiq audoN vI sPl ho skdI hY, jdoN
mMg vD`xw bMd ho jWdI hY[ pr, ieh (auoodoN q`k) bxI nhIN irh skdI, jdoN q`k Aiqryk mMg nw hovy[ dujy pwsy,
mMg pRyirq sPIiq AMiqm vsquAw dI mMg iv`c virDI dy pirxwmsrUp huMdI hY, jo ahnW dy mu`lW ivc virDI pYdw
krdI hY[ ieh mu`l virDIAW aqpwdn dy swDnW dI mMg nUM v`Dw skdIAW hn, jo iPr swDn mu`lW nUM v`Dw skdIAW
hn[ mMg pRyirq sPIiq Aqy lwgqjinA sPIiq iek vwr ivDmwn ho skdI hyY[ doNvW ivcoN, lwgq jinA sPIiq
bdqr hY, ikauNik iesnUM modirk Aqy rwjkoiSAw apwvW rwhIN vI inXMqirq kIqw jw skdw hY[

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