Page 9 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_PUNJABI

iekweI-1: smStI ArQSwsqr dw pircX

dw ADXn krdw hY jo eykl AwrQk iekweI (Single Economic Unit) ijvy iek Prm jW AwrQk È؇
iekieAW dy iek Coty smuh, ijvy iek adXog nwl sMbiDq hY[ smStI ArQSwsqr iek ArQSwsqr
dI hr iek Prm dI AwrQk smsXwvW dw ADXn krdw hY[ ivAStI-ArQSwsqr ivc AwrQk q`q
dy Coty Bwg dw ADXn ikqw jwdw hY jdkI smStI ArQSwsqr c AwrQk crW dy mhqvpurx smucO dw
ADXn ikqw jwdw hY[
2. AiDAn dw kyNdr (Focus of Study) - ivAStI ArQSwsqr dy AiDAn dw kyNdr swDnW dy AnukUlqm
btvwry nwl sNbNiDq isDWqW, smisAWvW Aqy nIiqAW dw AiDAn hY[ iehdy al`t smStI- ArQSwsqr
dy AiDAn dw kyNdr ArQivvsQw iv`c pweI jwx vwlI sMswDnW dy rozgwr dI siQqI (Employment
Status) Aqy sMswDnW dy ivkws nwl sMbiDq isDWqW, smisAWvW Aqy nIiqAW dw AiDAn hY[
3. ivSy vsqu dw mul AMqr (Basic parameter of Subject-matter Difference) – ivAstI -ArQ
Swsqr Aqy smStI ArQSwsqr dy mul AMqr dsdy hoey pRoPysr jI iQmYAw (Prof. G. Thimmah) ny
ikhw hY ik ivAStI-ArQSwsqr smisAwvW dw mu`K inrDwrk kImq (Price) hY[ jdik smStI- ArQ
Swsqr dIAW smisANwvW dw mu`K inrDwrk Awmdn (Income) hY[ ivAStI-ArQSwsqr iv`c apBokqw,
aqpwdk, aqpwdn dy swDn Awid AwriQk iekwieAW Awpxy iviBn bzwrW iv`c kImqW (Prices in
Different-Markets) dy AwDwr qy lYNdy hn[ iesdy ivprIq, smStI ArQSwsqr iv`c kul invyS, kul bcq
Awid sMbiDq inrxy mu`K Awmdn Bwv rwStrI Awmdn (National Income) dy AwDwr qy ley jWdy hn[
4. AiDAn dIAW iviDAW (Methods of Study) - ivAStI-ArQSwsqr dy isDWqW dw inrmwx krdy smX
AwsI ieh mMn lydy hY ik “ hor glW iekO ijhI rhdI hY” (Other things being equal) [ adwhrx dy
leI, mMg dy inXm ivc AwsI kImq Aqy mMg dI mwqrw dy vIc dy sMbD dw AiDAn krdy hY[ mMg qy pYx
vwly dujy q`qW, ijvy apBokqw dI Awmdn, asdI Awdq, asdI rUcI, sMbDq vsquAW dI kImqW AwdI dy
prBwv ƒ SiQr mMn lYNdy hn[AiDAn dI ies ivDI ƒ AWiSk sMquln ivSlySx (Partial Equilibrium
Analysis) ikhw jwdw hY[iesdy ault smStI ArQSwsqr ivc AwriQk q~qW ƒ mhqvpurx smucW
ivc vMf ikqw jwdw hY, ijvy, kul mMg, kul purqI, kul invyS AwdI iehnW q`qW dI prspr inrBrqw
hI smStI ArQSwsqr dy AiDAn dw kyndr ibMdU hY[AiDAn dI ies ivDI dw ArQ-swmwnX sMquln
ivSlySx (Quasi General Equilibrium Analysis) ikhw jwdw hY[
5. mwnAqwvW dw smuh (Set of Assumptions) - ivAStI-ArQ Swsqr Aqy smStI ArQSwsqr iviBn
mwnAqwvW dy smUh qy AwQwirq hY[ ivAStI-ArQSwsqr ivc Aksr ieh mMn ilAw jwdw hY ik dyS
ivc purx rojgwr dI hwlq pweI jWdI hY[ kul aqpwdn Aqy kul Krc ƒ vI SiQr mMn ilAw jWdw
hY[ iehnW mwnAqwvW dy AwDwr qy ieh jwxn dw Xqn kIqw jwdW hY ik sMswDnw dw AnukUlqm bMtvwrw
(Optimum Allocation) ikvy hudw hY Aqy ikvy iviBn AwriQk iekwieXw sMquln dI hwlq ƒ prwpq
krdI hY[ iehdy ivprIq, smStI ArQ Swsqr dI ieh swmwnX mwnAqw hY ik sNswDnW dw bNtwdrw
Anukulqm huNdw hY[ ibs mwnqw dy AwDwr pr ieh mwlum krny dw jqn kIqw jWdw hY ik ikvy rwStIX
sMswDnw ƒ purx rojgwr prwpq ho skdw hY[

+ ivAStI-smStI ivroDwBws (Micro – Macro Paradox)
jyVI glW ivAkqIgq pDr qy shI hY, mgr ieh smUcI ArQ-ivvsQw dy leI shI n ho:
audwhrx dy leI (1) jykr iek ivAkqI AwpxI Awmdn dw v~fw ih~sw bcaudW hY qW ieh auhdy leI lwBkwrI
ho skdw hY[ pr jykr smucw smwj, pihlW nwlo vI v~D b~cq krx l~gy qW iesdw pirxwm hovygw: kul
aupBog iv`c kmI, kul mMg ivc kmI, kul purqI iv`c kmI Aqy rwStrI Awmdn iv`c kmI[ ies qrW ijAwdy
bcq smUcy smwj leI ivnwSkwrI ho skdI hY[ (2) jykr iek ivAkqI bYNk iv`c pey Awpxy swrI dOlq ƒ
kfw ildw hY, qW ies nwl bYNk ƒ koeI lwB jW nukSwn nhI hovygw; pr swry jmwkrqw AwpxI-AwpxI swrI
dolq bYNk ivco kFvw ildy hY, qW bYNk Pyl ho jwvygw[ (3) jykr iek mjdur G`t dyhVI qy kMm krx ƒ mMn jwvy,

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