Page 12 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_PUNJABI

smStI ArQSwsqr dy isDWq

È؇ dy p`Dr qy liBAw jWdw hY[ iesdw inihqwrQ smStI ArQ Swsqr dy AiDAn dI lox hY[ kuJ smStI ArQ
Swsqr sMbDI smisAwvW dw Awgy alyK ikqw jWdw hY[ ijs nwl ieh spSt huMdw hY ik smStI ArQ Swsqr
dw AiDAn iek iviSSt SwKw dy rup iv`c jrUrI huMdW hY[

(1) sMivrDI Aqy ivkws (Growth and Development)
sMivrDI Aqy ivkws smStI ArQ Swsqr dy AQvw smStI ArQ Swsqr sMbDI nIiqAW dy muK kwrk hn[ iviBn
dySW dI ArQ-ivvsQwAw dy BumMFLI ekIkrx dy ies Xug iv`c “sMivrDI Aqy ivkws” smStI ArQ Swsqr dy
AiDAn dw kyNdr bx jWdy hn[ArQ-ivvsQwAw dI inrMqr sMivrDI AwvSXk hY Aqy ieh sMivrDI (vsquAW
Aqy syvwAW dy prwvwh dy rup iv`c) Awm jnqw dy v`D rhy jIvn-p`Dr dy rup iv`c dsitgocr honI cwihdI Aqy
jIvn dI guxvwqw dw purw suDwr huxw cwihdw[ sMivrDI ƒ ivkws iv`c rUpwNqirq ikqw jwxw cwihdw[ iesdw
Bwv ieh hY ik DnI Aqy inrDn dy iv`c peI jwx vwlI KweI dw AMqr smW dy nwl – nwl K`t hoxw cwihdw[
vwsqv iv`c sMivrDI Aqy ivkws dI smisAw, dw nyxy Buqkwl iv`c m`hqv bhuq v`D igAw hY[ AwriQk sMivrDI
dI prwpqI (i) prXwvrx dy pqn Aqy (ii) prwkIriqk sMswDnW (ivSyskr gYr nvInIkrx sMswDnW) dy AwiDk
SoSx nwl nhI cwihdw kXOik ies nwl Awx vwlI pIiFAW dI aqpwdn Smqw dy kmI ho jwx dw fr hY[ ies
sMdrB iv`c hI ArQ SwsqrI “DwrxIX ivkws” (Sustainable Development) dI gl krdy hY AOr iehI AMj
dI smStI ArQ Swsqr dI aBrdI hueI smisAw hY[ vwsqv ivc, inXojno Aqy rwjnIiqgo ƒ scyq ikqw jwdw
hY ik auh ies qrW dI smStI ArQ Swsqr sMbDI nIiqAw dw inrmwx kry ijdy nwl susMgq AwriQk sMivrDI
(vsquAW Aqy syvwAw dI v`D rhIAW aplbDqw dy rup iv`c) Aqy swmwijk nXwX (Bwv Dn Aqy Awmdn dy smwn
btvwry dy rup ivc) suinSicq ho Aqy n qW prXwvrx dw pqn ho Aor n hI AglI pIVI dI adpwdn Smqw
iv`c iksI qrW dI kmI ho[

(2) rojgwr (Employment)
sn 1930 dy dSk iv`c ivSvBr c mhwmMdI (Great Depression) peI geI sI[ AwriQk giqiviDAw bjuq
mMd pY cukI sI[vsquAW Aqy syvwAW dI mMg G`t ho geI sI[ pirxwmsvrup vwpwirk lwBW iv`c igrwvt Aw
geI Aqy v`Fy pYmwny qy invyS dI mwqrw iv`c ktoqI AweI Aqy byrojgwrI PYl geI[ jykr aqpwdn dy Kyqr ivc
kwrjSIl jnsMiKAw dy bhuq vfy pRiqSq nUM byrozgwrI dw swmxw krnw pey qW ieh iek AyYsI smisAw bx jwNdI
hyY ijsdw smwDwn smucI ArQ-ivvsQw dy pD`r qy krnw zrUrI ho jWdw hY[ ieh smStI ArQ Swsqr dI iek
pRmuK smisAw hY[ Bwrq ivc byrojgwrI iek inrNqr frwvxI smisAw bxI hoeI hY[ AkuSl mjdur vfy pymwny
qy grwmIx byrojgwrI nwl pIiVq hn[SihrI Kyqrw iv`c vI kuSl kwrIgrW iv`c vI AwScrXjnk byrojgwrI Aqy
AlprojgwrI peI jWdI hY[ swfy dyS iv`c byrojgwrI dI smisAw ienI ivSwl Aqy dIrGkwilk hY ik srkwr ƒ
srkwrI nOkirAw iv`c AwrSx (Reservation) dy leI ivvS hOxw pYNdw hY[ies AwrSx ƒ injI Syqr iv`c vI
lwgU krx dy prXws ikqy jw rhy hn[ Blw AwrSx ƒ lOx ikNa pvygI jykr aun sryAw ƒ prcilq mjdurI qy
kMm krx dy leI qYXwr Aqy ieCuk hn, prXpq sMKXwvW iv`c nokirXW dw isrjn ikqw jwvy? eh gl iniScq
qor qy khI jw skdI hY ik swfI ArQ-ivvsQw dw ivkws aus dr nwl nhI ho irhw hY ijs qy dyS dI purI mwnuK
Skiq ƒ kMm qy lwXw jw sky[
byrojgwrI isrP Bwrq ijvy Alpivkisq dySW dI hI iek ivSySqw nhI hY[ ieh qw XU. ky. Aqy XU. eys. ey. vrgy
ivkisq dySW leI vI gMBIr bnI hueI hY[ ivkisq Aqy Alpivkisq dySW ivc isrP byrojgwrI dI prkIiq iv`c hI
AMqr pwXw jwdw hY[Alpivkisq dySW iv`c iehnw dI prkIiq dIrGkwilk (Chronic) hMudI hY Aor iesdw kwrx
aqpwdn Smqw iv`c kmI dw hoxw hY[ iehdy dujI Aor ivkisq dySW iv`c iehnw dI pRkIiq ckrIX (Cyclical) huMdI
hY[ ijsdw kwrx vsquvW Aqy syvwvW dI mMg ivc hox vwlI kmI hY [ iPr vI, smStI ArQ Swsqr dI iek mhq`v
pUrn smisAw byrojgwrI hY[Aqy iesdw sMbD sNswr dIAW swrIAW ArQ-ivvsQwvW nwl hY[

(3) vpwirk ck`r (Business Cycle)
AwriQk ikirAw ivc sdw aqwr-cVwv pwey jwNdy hn[ies ivc hox vwly pirvrqn dI AwkirqI vI sdw siQr
(steady) nhIN rihNdI [ jdoN AwriQk ikirAw mMd pY jwNdI hY qW iehƒ mMdI (Recession) dI hwlq ikhw
jwdw hY[ jd au inmnqm p`Dr qy pMuj jwdO hY qd iehƒ AqiDk mMdI (Depression) dI hwlq ikhw jwdw hY jd

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