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vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa foÙk




                    uksV          fd;k rFkk blesa ljdkjh gLr{ksi dh dVq vkykspuk dhA fLeFk dk vn`';'kfDr (Invisible Hand) esa fo'okl
                                  Fkk tks euq"; dks iw.kZrk dh vksj ys tkrh gSA

                                  3-1 Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar (Free Trade Theory)

                                  vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ izfrf"Br fl¼kar dk lw=kikr ;|fi ,Me fLeFk us fd;k] fdUrq ,Me fLeFk }kjk
                                  LFkkfir izfrf"Br lEiznk; ls iwoZ Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk fopkj vfLrRo esa FkkA of.kdoknh ;qx (1500
                                  ls 1750 rd) esa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks jk"Vª dh lEiUurk ,oa 'kfDr dk vk/kj Ïksr ekuk x;kA vr%
                                  varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ izfrf"Br fl¼karksa ls iwoZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh of.kdoknh fopkj/kjk dk vè;;u
                                  fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
                                  varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh of.kdoknh fopkj/kjk (Mercantilistic Concept of International
                                  Trade)

                                  bl fopkj/kjk dk fodkl if'peh ;wjksi esa lu~ 1500 ls ysdj 1750 rd gqvkA bl ;qx esa eè;;qxhu
                                  ijEijkvksa vkSj lkearoknh laLFkkvksa osQ LFkku ij vk/qfud jk"Vªokn dk fodkl gqvkA bl fopkj/kjk us vius
                                  jk"Vªokn osQ mís'; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, vk£Fkd le`f¼ dks ,d vk/kj cuk;kA budk fo'okl Fkk fd
                                  varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ekè;e ls gh fdlh jk"Vª dks le`¼ cuk;k tk ldrk gSA viuh 'kfDr dks c<+kus osQ
                                  fy, bUgksaus /u lap; ij tksj fn;kA budk ukjk Fkkμvf/d Lo.kZ] vf/d lEifÙk] vf/d 'kfDrA
                                  tksf'k;k pkbYM osQ vuqlkj] ¶fons'kh O;kikj /u mRiUu djrk gS] /u ls 'kfDr mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj 'kfDr
                                  vius O;kikj o /eZ dk ijh{k.k djrh gSA¸
                                  okf.kT;oknh fopkjd VkWel eu dk bl ckr esa vVwV fo'okl Fkk fd os lHkh ns'k ftuosQ ikl cgqewY;
                                  /krqvksa dh [kkusa ugha gSa] O;kikj }kjk fons'kksa ls Lo.kZ vkSj pk¡nh izkIr djosQ /uoku cu ldrs gSaA ns'kksa esa
                                  eqnzk vkSj cgqewY; /krqvksa dks c<+kus osQ fy, ;g vko';d ekuk x;k fd O;kikj lUrqyu vuqowQy gks vFkkZr~
                                  vk;kr dh rqyuk esa vf/d fu;kZr fd;k tk;A blh fopkj/kjk osQ vU; leFkZd lj tksf'k;k pkbYM us
                                  crk;k fd vk;krksa dh vis{kk vf/d fu;kZr djus ls tks cpr lksuk&pkanh osQ :i esa gksrh gS] mlls [ktkus
                                  esa o`f¼ gksrh gSμvk;kr de djus osQ fy, fons'kh oLrqvksa dk miHkksx U;wure djuk vkSj fu;kZr c<+kus osQ
                                  fy, fu;kZr m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k] izksRlkgu nsuk vko';d gSA

                                  fu;U=k.k dh vFkZO;oLFkk (Economy of Regulation)

                                  okf.kT;okfn;ksa us vius mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy, ljdkj dks lEiw.kZ vf/dkj iznku fd;sA mudk er Fkk fd
                                  euq"; dh fØ;kvksa dks ljdkj }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk mUgsa jk"Vªh; 'kfDr osQ mís'; osQ vuq:i
                                  gksuk pkfg,A ljdkjh fu;U=k.k osQ vfrfjDr rRdkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fy, vU; dksbZ fodYi Hkh ugha Fkk
                                  D;ksafd ml le; fofHkUu f'kYi ,oa m|ksx Hkh fdlh u fdlh :i esa fu;fU=kr FksA ,YlcFkZ osQ vuqlkj]
                                  ¶okf.kT;oknh n'kZu dks ,d :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSμftlus jk"Vªh; 'kfDr osQ mís'; dks loksZPp
                                  izkFkfedrk nh ,oa lEifÙk esa okaNuh; o`f¼ djus osQ fy, vk£Fkd thou osQ fu;a=k.k dks ekè;e cuk;kA¸

                                  of.kdokfn;ksa dh vuqowQy O;kikj dh fopkj/kjk (The Concept of Favourable Trade of
                                  Mercantilistic)

                                  ;gka okf.kT;okfn;ksa dk vè;;u bl n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gS fd mUgksaus vius mís';ksa osQ lanHkZ esa ,d varjkZ"Vªh;
                                  O;kikj osQ fl¼kar dk izfriknu fd;k ftldk lkj ;g Fkkμ¶fons'kh O;kikj ls ,d jk"Vª mlh le; ykHk
                                  izkIr dj ldrk gS tc mldk O;kikj lUrqyu vuqowQy gS vFkok mlosQ fu;kZrksa dk ewY; vk;kr ewY;ksa ls
                                  vf/d gSA¸ vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu dh fopkj/kjk okf.kT;okfn;ksa dh bl Hkkouk osQ vuq:i gS fd lksuk

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