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Unit–2: Approaches to Educational Technologies

4. They are capable of making learning materials more attractive and interesting. Notes
5. The student becomes more active in class activities by getting excited with these approaches.
6. They play an important role in the effective use of appropriate learning system by taking care of
individual friendship of students.
7. These approaches are capable of making use of time, power and resources of teachers and students.
More effective teaching in less time and with less effort is their specialization.

2.3 Principles of Using Hardware and Software Approaches

The emphasis is given to following principles to create more effective teaching process by these two
approaches.
1. Principle of Selection
2. Principle of Purposiveness
3. Principle of Economy
4. Principle of Availability
5. Principle of Simplicity
6. Principle of Stimulation
7. Principle of Self-preparation

2.4 Classification of Hardware and Software Approaches
A. Rigid Crafts Hardware

Audio Approach Visual Approach Audio-Visual Approach

Radio, Transistor, Projector, Epidiascope, Film, TV,
Tape Recorder, Film Strip, Videotape
Teaching Machine Slides, Computer

B. Soft Crafts Software

Graphics Presentation 3 Dimensional

Chart, Graph, Map, Chalk, Flannel Board, Model,
Posters, Books Card, Bulletin, Notice Board, Factual Material
Picture and Diagram

Self-Assessment

1. Fill in the blanks:
(i) In .................... approach, the emphasis is given to teaching-accessories.

(ii) Hardware approach was firstly described by ....................

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