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Educational Technology

Notes (ii) .................... material fully verified and liable.
(iii) Programmed Instruction system is based on the principles .................... learning.
(iv) Programmed Instruction and Programmed learning are considered as .................... of each other
in education sector.

(v) Programmed instruction is an .................... technology.

25.4 Historical Background of Programmed Instruction

Summary of historical background of Programmed Instruction are being handed down through the
table.

Historical Background of Programmed Instruction—Important Contribution
Researcher Year Important Contribution
Socrates 430 Developed oral conversation Program (based on questioning method
B.C and it is a form of programmed instruction).
Plato Plato used it orally as Meno.
Thorndike 1912 Discovered rules and incentive of effects (used in programmed instruction
later).
Sidney L. Pressey 1920 Developed such machine which were used for teaching or training.
Sidney L. Pressey 1925 Development of other mechanical tools for test scoring and test of
multi way phases.
B.F. Skinner 1943 Rendering of learning principles of Operant Conditioning Theory which
became the basis of programmed instruction.
B.F. Skinner 1945 Development of Principle of reinforcement, linear programmed material
and teaching machines.
B.F. Skinner 1950 Publishing of popular journal ‘Science of learning and teaching art’.
N.A. Crowder 1950 Development of branching instruction, scrambled books and branching
teaching machine.
Sheffi eld 1950 Variations of branching programmes with alternative sub-sequence routes..
Robert Mager 1960 Survey of Crowder and skinner work and development of programmed
instruction as compared to traditional teaching methods.
Robert Mager 1962 Development behavioural writing methods in the field of psychomotor.

Robert Miller 1962 Development of Methetics. Providing importance to mastery behaviour.
T.F. Gilbert 1962 Developed of programmed instruction based on the principles of
Methetics to establish its mastery on other methods.
Slake 1962 Develop of internal and external behaviour or concept of methemaigenics
for the origin of learning process.

Roth Korf 1965 Special attention to analysis of content and flow chart in 1966.
Rachel Carson 1968 Use of methemaigenics methods in the presentation of contents and to
establish its importance for students aptitude.
Robert Gangene 1970 Development and special attention to learning structures.

I.K. Davies 1970 1. Ganene gave attention to five of the eight learning structures.
2. Importance was given to teaching strategies and teaching techniques
in the development of programmed instructional material.
3. Attention was given internal and external norms for evaluation of
instruction.

208 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

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