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Educational Technology

Notes Use of Keller Plan—Keller Scheme is used for the problems of teaching. It can also be used for more
serious teaching problems. Learning problems are as follows—
1. Many first-year students in the class are failing because they are not well-prepared.

2. Students are not given the proper motivation to study.
3. Talented and disadvantaged students are ignored. Class-teaching is tailored to middle class students.
4. Courses are represented traditionally. Diagnosis and treatment are ignored. Individual differences
are not taken into consideration.
5. Students come from different areas and backgrounds. Their former practices vary and they do not
meet the requirement of prior courses. Therefore it is difficult to understand various subjects of

different courses.
Problems of Self-Study—By self study method, students are given the opportunity to learn with their
manner and at their own pace of learning. But they have their own problems. These are—
1. In Programmed Instruction series, each student is given the opportunity to learn at their own pace.
Study objects related concerns are taken into account. All students have to study the same way, the
gifted students are often not interested.

2. Laboratory activities and principles are often incompatible. So students have difficulty in learning
course reasonably. Laboratory is not necessary for all courses.
3. To overcome the difficulties of students Tutorial-teaching is organized. Even Tutorial—Teaching is

taught like normal classroom - teaching. So it does not improve. Tutorial - planning of teaching is
not based on diagnosis.
4. According to the needs of students, teaching and testing is not provided. Reconnaissance should be
from the beginning. Course related pre-requirement should be met.
5. Using students’ test procedure to be students friendly. The teacher is not given complete information
on testing.
6. In the Keller scheme, students are tested in three ways—verbal, theoretical and practical. Mathematics
tests are used in the language of mathematics. After exercise test is given. True solution of the question
is given to students as samples. This process is used in all types of tests.

Improvement in Keller Plan—Considering the problems and difficulties of teaching students has been
improved. The following points were taken into consideration in the reform-
1. Priority to the needs of students.
2. In beginning of Classroom-teaching, to fulfill the course related pre - needs to try-out is given.

3. Students test should be arranged after preparing the students.
4. Tutorial-learning should be consistent with the system of diagnostic tests.
5. Gifted children should not be given Programmed instruction materials.
6. Teachers should be discussed with the students after the test.
7. The study should be regularly used to test for continuity.

7.2 Programmed Instruction
There are many forms of Programmed instruction. Skinner is considered as supremacist method for
Programmed Instruction because this method is used by Programmed monitoring of students’ responses.
Freedom is not given to student responses. It is used for self-study. These individual differences are fully
taken care of.
Programmed Instruction Format—This may explain the nature of Programmed Instruction—

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