Page 70 - DEDU503_EDUCATIONAL_MANAGEMENT_ENGLISH

Educational Management

Notes (i) The Herbert Approach : The Herbartian Approach is based on apperceptive mass theory
of learning.
(ii) Evaluation Approach : B.S. Bloom has given a new dimension to education. He considers
education as a tripolar process (1) educational objectives, (2) learning experiences and (3)
change of behaviours. He has made education as objectives-centred rather than content-
centred.
(iii) John Dewey and Kilpatrick Approach : John Dewy was an American pragmatic philosopher.
He was a great philosopher as well as a great psychologist.
• American approach : The specific features of American approach is that the priority is given to
learning objectives in lesson-planning. The teacher and students activities are so organized that
the optimum realization of objectives may be done.
• British Approach : The main feature of British approach is that the emphasis is given to teacher
and content presentation in lesson planning. The Britishers believe in slow change but from
1970, new innovations and new practices have been introduced in the field of education.
• Indian Approach : The Indian approach of lesson-planning has the major influence of both
earlier approaches. The learning objective. Teacher-activities, student-activities and evaluation
of student are crucial aspects of lesson-planning. The Regional Colleges of Education NCERT have
made great efforts in this direction.
(a) Macro Approach : The focus of Macro-approach of lesson planning is the development of
students and their modification of behaviours. The size of topic, size of class and size of
period are usually large.
(b) Micro-Approach : It is the recent innovation in the field of teacher-education. The micro-
approach is employed in lesson-planning micro-teaching for the modification of teacher
behaviour.
(c) Unwritten Form Approach : The unwritten lesson plans are developed by the in-service
teachers. They develop the outline of his teaching activities at their cognitive level, before
entering in the classroom.
• The written lesson plans are generally rigid because pupil-teachers have followed the rigidly
for developing in teaching efficiency whereas unwritten lesson-plans are relatively flexible and
such lesson-plans are used by the in-service teachers.
• Meaning of Laboratory
• The word ‘Laboratory’ is used for a large room where practical classes are conducted and a
group of students carry out practicals. ‘Science laboratory’ provides instruments, apparatus,
chemicals and other materials safe and secure and ready for use.
• Objectives of Laboratory
(i) To develop scientific attitude among children through practical work in the laboratory.
(ii) To develop the skill in handling scientific apparatus, instrullments and equipments.
(iii) To provide opportunity for the training in scientific, method.
(iv) To help students in developing the of cooperation resourcefulness, initiative, self-
dependence, self-confidence, cohesion, sociability, self-reliance, and self-discipline.
• The Govt. of India, Committee on Plan Projects : In its report on Science Education in
secondary schools, laid down that the following factors should be taken into consideration at
the planning stage for the laboratory :
(i) The number of students working at a time in the laboratory.
(ii) The minimum space necessary for every student for com fortble working.

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