Page 36 - DEDU505_TEACHER_EDUCATION_HINDI

vè;kid f'k{kk

uksV izdkj fuEu 'kSf{kd Lrj okyk O;fDr izHkko'kkyh f'k{k.k ugha dj ikrk gSA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd mPp Lrjh; xzsM
fcUnq dk Js"B f'k{k.k ls ?kukRed lg&lEcUèk gSA
f'k{kk dh KkukRed] fo'ks"krkvksa esa ,d egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g Hkh gS fd f'k{kd vius Nk=kksa ds lEcUèk esa fdruk
tkurk gSA vksteSu rFkk fofYdu (1939) us vius izkjfEHkd vè;;u ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk Fkk fd tks f'k{kd
vius Nk=kksa ds ckjs esa vfèkd tkurs gSa rFkk Nk=kksa ls lEcfUèkr vusd lwpukvksa ls ifjfpr gksrs gSa] muds Nk=kksa
dh 'kSf{kd fu"ifÙk mu Nk=kksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gksrh gS] ftuds f'k{kd muds ckjs esa oqQN ugha tkurs gSaA
izf'k{k.k dky esa f'k{kd ds vè;kiu&vH;kl dh fu"ifÙk dk Hkh f'k{k.k oqQ'kyrk ds lkFk ?kukRed lEcUèk gksrk
gSA lkbeu rFkk ,'kj (1964) us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd f'k{kd ds 'kSf{kd Lrj rFkk f'k{k.k&vH;kl izksxzke dk d{kk
vuq'kklu rFkk fo"k; dh rS;kjh ds lkFk xgjk lEcUèk gSA f'k{kd dks vius fo"k; dk Kku fdruk gS\ rFkk fo"k;
dh rS;kjh og fdl izdkj djrk gS\ bldk izHkko Hkh mldh f'k{k.k oqQ'kyrk ij iM+rk gSA js;Ul (1958) us
izèkkukè;kidksa }kjk cgqr vPNs rFkk cgqr [kjkc (voqQ'ky) f'k{kdksa dk fuèkkZj.k (fuèkkZj.k ekiu }kjk) djk;kA
blesa izkFkfed fo|ky; ds 43 vPNs rFkk 27 voqQ'ky f'k{kd] vaxzsth o lkekftd vè;;u fo"k; i<+kus okys 58
vPNs rFkk voqQ'ky f'k{kdksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u fd;kA bl vè;;u esa js;Ul us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd f'k{kdksa
dh voqQ'kyrk dk izeq[k dkj.k fo"k;&oLrq dh rS;kjh vPNh rjg ls u djuk FkkA v¡xjsth rFkk lkekftd vè;;u
ds 36 izfr'kr f'k{kd fo"k;&oLrq dk lgh o i;kZIr Kku u gksus ds dkj.k gh voqQ'ky ?kksf"kr fd;s x;sA xf.kr
rFkk foKku ds 61 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa dks vius fo"k; dk vPNs Kku ds dkj.k gh Js"B o oqQ'ky crk;k x;k FkkA
fo"k; ds Kku ds dkj.k gh Js"B o oqQ'ky crk;k x;k FkkA fo"k; ds Kku esa lkFk&lkFk d{kk esa ml fo"k; dk
izLrqrhdj.k Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA izHkko'khy vfHkO;fDr ds fcuk Kku dksbZ egRo ugha j[krkA vksfyo (1968) rFkk
gseVu (1953) fo"k; ds Kku ds lkFk ;g Hkh vko';d ekurs Fks fd f'k{kd dh lh[kus dh izfozQ;k vkèkkjHkwr
fl¼kUrksa] f'k{k.k izfofèk;ksa vkfn dk i;kZIr Kku gks rFkk d{kk dks vuq'kkflr j[kus esa oqQ'ky gksA
(2) HkkoukRed fo'ks"krk,¡ (Emotional Characteristics)μHkkoukRed fo'ks"krkvksa ds vUrxZr f'k{kd ds
laosx] #fp;k¡] vfHko`fÙk] ewY; rFkk O;fDrRo lEcUèkh fo'ks"krk,a vkrh gSaA 'kquVZ (1951) us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd
y{k.k rFkk izfozQ;k pj dk gkbZ LowQy Nk=kksa dh xf.kr dh fu"ifÙk ls xgjk lEcUèk FkkA 3919 Nk=k rFkk 196 f'k{kdksa
ij vkèkkfjr bl vè;;u esa ;g ns[kk x;k fd ftu f'k{kdksa dks 8 o"kZ ls vfèkd dk f'k{k.k vuqHko Fkk mudh
chtxf.kr dh d{kk esa Nk=kksa us vis{kko`Qr vfèkd vad izkIr fd;sA blh izdkj ls ftu Nk=kksa dks 20&25 feuV rd
fujhf{kr vè;;u (lqijokbTM LVMh) fofèk ls i<+k;k x;k] de fujhf{kr vè;;u okys Nk=kksa dh rqyuk esa js[kkxf.kr
o chtxf.kr esa mudh fu"ifÙk vfèkd FkhA
,UMjlu (1937) rFkk ysfou] fyfiV vkSj OgkbV (1939) ds nks 'kksèk vè;;u d{kk esa fof'k"V okrkoj.k mRiUu
djus esa f'k{kd dh eukso`R;kRed fo'ks"krkvksa ds izHkko dk vè;;u djrs gSaA ,UMjlu dk dguk Fkk fd
izHkqRooknh f'k{kd d{kk ij vPNk o okafNr pozQ dks mRiUu djus okys gksrs gSA leUo;h f'k{kd ls i<+us okys
Nk=k Hkh leUo;h eukso`fÙk okys gks tkrs gSa rFkk bu Nk=kksa esa vfèkd LoHkkfodrk o vPNk laosxkRed o lkekftd
lek;kstu ik;k tkrk gSA
,UMjlu us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd leUo;h f'k{kd lHkh izdkj ds Nk=kksa ds lkFk vfèkd izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSa] tcfd
de leUo;h f'k{kd d{kk esa de izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSa rFkk d{kk esa Hk; dh fLFkfr vfèkd gksrh gS_ tSls de
izoh.k f'k{kdksa ds Nk=kksa esa mRlkg o izsj.kk dk vHkko gksrk gSA
f'k{kd ds O;fDrRo ds lkFk Nk=k dh fu"ifÙk dk xgjk lEcUèk gksrk gSA js;Ul (1970) dk vè;;u Hkh ,d
egRoiw.kZ vè;;u gSA blesa 1700 LowQyksa ds 6000 f'k{kdksa dks vè;;u dk fo"k; cuk;k x;k gSA 6 lky ds
vè;;u ds ckn js;Ul us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd mRlkgh] O;ofLFkr rFkk izsj.kk nsus okys f'k{kd gh vfèkd
izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd gksrs gSaA

28 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY