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lkekftd 'kks/ dh i¼fr
uksV (d) nSo fun'kZu esa fu"i{krk dk xq.k gksrk gSA blesa fdlh izdkj dk feF;k&>qdko ;k i{kikr dh laHkkouk
ugha jgrh D;ksafd fun'kZu osQ pquko esa fdlh Hkh bdkbZ dks izkFkfedrk ;k izeq[krk ;k vfèkekU;rk ugha
nh tkrh vkSj izR;sd bdkbZ osQ fun'kZu esa pqus tkus dh leku laHkkouk gksrh gSaA
([k) nSo fun'kZu izfrfufèkRoiw.kZ gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa izR;sd bdkbZ dks pqus tkus dk leku volj gksus osQ
dkj.k nSo fun'kZu dh bdkb;ksa esa lexz osQ vfèkdkfèkd y{k.k fo|eku gksrs gSaA
(x) nSo fun'kZu] fun'kZu dh lcls ljy i¼fr gS ftlesa fdlh tfVy izfØ;k vFkok xw<+ fu;eksa dk ikyu
ugha djuk iM+rk gSA
(?k) nSo fun'kZu esa laHkkfor v'kq¼rk dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn fun'kZu iw.kZr;k nSo fun'kZu&iz.kkyh
}kjk pquk x;k gS rks xf.krh; fofèk;ksa }kjk bl ckr dk lgh&lgh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd fun'kZu
dk okLrfod eki ls fdruk varj gSA
nSo fun'kZu osQ nks"k ;k lhek;sa (Limitations of Random Sampling)µblesa lansg ugha fd nSo fun'kZu
fd nSo fun'kZu ljy] fu"i{k rFkk izfrfufèkRoiw.kZ gksrk gS fiQj Hkh bldh viuh oqQN lhek;sa Hkh gSa ftUgsa fd
ge bl izdkj izLrqr dj ldrs gSaµ
(d) nSo fun'kZu osQ liQy pquko osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd lexz dh lHkh bdkb;ksa dh foLr`r rFkk laiw.kZ
lwph ;k rks rS;kj dh tk, ;k miyCèk gksA ij izk;% ;g dke ljy ugha gksrk fo'ks"kdj ml voLFkk esa
tcfd lexz (universe) cgqr fo'kky gSA blfy, iw.kZr;k nSo fun'kZu&iz.kkyh osQ vkèkkj ij fun'kZu dk
pquko laHko ugha gksrkA
([k) blosQ varxZr fun'kZu osQ pquko esa vuqlaèkkudÙkkZ dk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gksrkA blfy, ,slh bdkb;ksa dk
pquko gks ldrk gS tks nwj&nwj rd iSQyh gksa vFkok ftuls laioZQ LFkkfir djuk ljyrk ls laHko u gksA
,slh fLFkfr esa pqus gq, fun'kZu ij dk;e jguk dfBu gks tkrk gSA
(x) nSo fun'kZu esa fodYi (alternative) dh laHkkouk ugha gks ldrhA ;fn gesa ;g irk py tk, fd
fun'kZu dh fdUgha bdkb;ksa ls ge laioZQ LFkkfir ugha dj ldrs] ij mlosQ LFkku ij fdUgha vU;
fodYi bdkb;ksa ls lqfoèkkiwoZd rFkk mi;ksxh laioZQ LFkkfir djosQ vko';d lwpuk izkIr dh tk ldrh
gS] fiQj Hkh nSo fun'kZu&iz.kkyh osQ fu;ekuqlkj pquh gqbZ bdkb;ksa esa ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
(?k) ;fn lexz (universe) dh lc bdkb;k¡ leku vkdkj okyh ugha gSa vkSj muesa ,d:irk dk vHkko gS
rks nSo fun'kZu&iz.kkyh osQ }kjk izfrfufèk bdkb;k¡ ugha pquh tk ldrhaA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g iz.kkyh mi;qDr
ugha gksrhA
vko';d n'kk,¡ (Essential Conditions)
ikVsZu us nSo fun'kZu dk mi;ksx djrs le; fuEu ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk vko';d crk;k gSµ
(i) lexz dh bdkb;k¡ Li"V gksuh pkfg, ,oa mudh lwph rS;kj dh tkuh pkfg,]
(ii) bdkb;ksa dk vkdkj yxHkx leku gks]
(iii) izR;sd bdkbZ ,d&nwljs ls Lora=k gks]
(iv) fun'kZu p;u dh fofèk Lora=k gksuh pkfg,]
(v) vè;;udrkZ dh izR;sd bdkbZ rd igq¡p lqyHk gksuh pkfg,]
(vi) pquh gqbZ bdkbZ dks u rks NksM+k tkuk pkfg, vkSj u gh mldk izfrLFkku djuk pkfg,A
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