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lkekftd 'kks/ dh i¼fr

uksV lfjrk osQ ikBdksa dh la[;k vfuf'pr gSA vfuf'pr lexz dh HkkSxksfyd lhek Hkh ugha gksrhA ,sls lexz dh
vfuf'prrk dk dkj.k bldh fujarj ifjorZu'khyrk gSA vr% fun'kZu osQ pquko ls iwoZ gesa lexz dk fuèkkZj.k dj
ysuk pkfg,A gekjk lexz dksbZ Hkh HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ] xk¡o] uxj] laLFkk] leqnk; ,oa lkekftd ?kVuk gks ldrk gSA

fun'kZu osQ vkèkkj (Bases of Sampling)

iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd fun'kZu esa FkksM+h&lh bdkb;ksa dks cgqr cM+s lewg dk izfrfufèk oSQls eku fy;k tkrk gS]
blosQ ewy vkèkkj fuEukafdr gSaµ
(1) lexz dh ltkrh;rk (Homogeneity of Universe)µÅijh rkSj ij gesa O;fDr;ksa ,oa rF;ksa esa cgqr
vfèkd vlekurk,¡ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa] ;gk¡ rd fd dkj[kkus esa cuus okyh dksbZ nks oLrq,¡ Hkh iw.kZr;k leku ugha
gksrha vkSj nks tqM+ok¡ HkkbZ Hkh leku ugha gksrs] fiQj Hkh ;fn ge è;kuiwoZd fopkj djsa ;k ns[ksa rks Kkr gksxk fd
Åijh rkSj ij fn[kkbZ nsus okyh bl fofoèkrk esa Hkh vUr£ufgr ,drk vFkok lekurk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lHkh
euq";ksa dh 'kkjhfjd cukoV esa Åijh rkSj ij vusd fofHkUurk,¡ n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSa] fiQj Hkh 'kkjhfjd n`f"V ls muesa
dbZ lekurk,¡ fo|eku gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fun'kZu dks lexz dk izfrfufèk eku fy;k tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa
yq.McxZ us fy[kk gS] ¶;fn rF;ksa esa vR;fèkd ,d:irk ikbZ tkrh gS vFkkZr~ laiw.kZ rF;ksa dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa
esa varj cgqr de gS rks laiw.kZ esa ls oqQN ;k dksbZ bdkbZ lexz dk mfpr izfrfufèkRo djsxhA¸ bl izdkj
fun'kZu&fofèk bl ekU;rk ij vkèkkfjr gS fd fofoèkrkvksa esa Hkh lekurk,¡ vUr£ufgr gksrh gSa] ftUgsa lkekftd
?kVukvksa osQ vè;;u esa [kkstk tk ldrk gSA

(2) izfrfufèkRoiw.kZ pquko dh laHkkouk (Possibility of Representative Selection)µfun'kZu bl
ekU;rk ij vkèkkfjr gS fd laiw.kZ lewg esa ls FkksM+h&lh bdkb;ksa dk p;u bl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS fd os
lexz dk izfrfufèkRo dj losaQ] fdUrq blosQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd fun'kZu dh bdkb;ksa esa os lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡
gksa tks ewy lexz esa gksaA
(3) mfpr ifj'kq¼rk (Adequate Accuracy)µdksbZ Hkh fun'kZu 'kr&izfr'kr :i ls lexz dk izfrfufèkRo
ugha dj ldrk fiQj Hkh i;kZIr ek=kk eas ifj'kq¼rk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA gekjk iz;kl ;g gksuk pkfg, fd
fun'kZu esa bdkb;ksa dh la[;k i;kZIr gks] rkfd og izfrfufèkRoiw.kZ gks losQ vkSj muosQ vè;;u ls fudkys x;s
fu"d"kZ okLrfod fLFkfr dk lgh fp=k.k dj losaQA
(4) fun'kZu dh bdkbZ dk fuèkkZj.k (Determination of Sampling Unit)µlexz osQ fuèkkZj.k osQ ckn
nwljk pj.k fun'kZu dh bdkb;ksa dks r; djuk gSA gesa ;g r; djuk gksrk gS fd gekjs fun'kZu dh bdkbZ D;k
gksxh\ ;g bdkbZ O;fDr] laLFkk] ifjokj] lewg] O;olk; vkSj fuokl {ks=k vkfn oqQN Hkh gks ldrh gSA fun'kZu
dh bdkb;k¡ pkj izdkj dh gksrh gSaµ
(i) HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ] tSlsµ,d jkT;] ftyk] uxj] xk¡o ,oa okMZ vkfnA
(ii) Hkou lacaèkh bdkbZµtSls edku] ÝySV] dejk] DokVZj vkfnA
(iii) lewg lacaèkh bdkbZµtSls ifjokj] LowQy] Dyc] ppZ ,oa lfefr vkfnA

(iv) O;fDrxr bdkbZµtSls O;fDr] L=kh] iq#"k] Jfed] Nk=k] vè;kid ,oa Ñ"kd vkfnA
bdkbZ lnSo Li"V] Hkzejfgr fuf'pr ,oa fo"k; osQ vuq:i gksuh pkfg, tks vè;;udrkZ dks vklkuh ls miyCèk
gks tk,A
(5) Ïksr lwph (Source List)µog lwph ftlesa lexz dh leLr bdkb;ksa osQ uke gksrs gSa] Ïksr lwph
dgykrh gSA ;g Ïksr lwph rS;kj Hkh fey ldrh gS vkSj rS;kj djk;h Hkh tk ldrh gSA ikVsZu us Ïksr&lwph izkIr
djus osQ dbZ fBdkuksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSµtSsls tux.kuk fjiksVZ] VsyhiQksu Mk;jsDVªh] osru&forj.k lwph ,oa
djnkrk] fo|k£Fk;ksa] vè;kidksa] edku ekfydksa dh lwfp;k¡ fofHkUu nÝrjksa ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSaA ,d vPNh
Ïksr lwph osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og iw.kZ] uohure] oS/] fo'oluh;] fo"k;kuq:i ,oa ljyrk ls izkIr
dh tkus okyh gksuh pkfg,A

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