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Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh )
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh0) )) )
          Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh
                     BØN           “Xow ftP/P@ dk wkwb/ s/ eØJh gqGkt BjhA jØt/rk.w[;fbw ekBz{B d/ nB[;ko w[;fbwK dh j~fsnk d/ wkwb/
                                   ft~u jØo Xow tkb/ rtkjh BjhA d/ ;ed/.






                                      Nk;e    ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk sØA s[;hA eh ;wMd/ jØ<



                                   fBnkfJe ;[XkoK T[~s/ f;zjktbeDL eDL
                                   fBnkfJe ;[XkoK T[~s/ f;zjktbØeDL ekoBtkfb; dh fBnkn gqDkbh g~Sw d/ fBnkfJe XkoBktK ns/
                                                           eDL
                                   fBnkfJe ;[XkoK T[~s/ f;zjktbeDL
                                   fBnkfJe ;[XkoK T[~s/ f;zjktb
                                   fBnkfJe ;[XkoK T[~s/ f;zjktb
                                   fBog~ysks/ nkXkfos ;h.okik iK T[;d/ ekieosk d/ fBih ekBz{B iK Xkofwe ekBz{B dh EK fJ~e XowfBog~y
                                   ekBz{B B/ b? bJh.ftXh dh ftfPPNsk ;Ekfgs jØ rJh.gqzs{ fJ; ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk d/ Bshi/ uzr/ BjhA
                                   ;B.fJj BtK ekBz{B fJzBk ifNb, BthB ns/ ngfofus ;h fe iB;kXkoD fJ; sØA bkG BjhA T[mk ;edk
                                   ;h.fJj fBnkn fJzBk wfjzrk ns/ Xhwh rsh Bkb u~bD tkbk ;h fe fJ~e nwho ftnesh fJ~e nf;fyns
                                   ns/ rohp ftnesh Bz{ nk;kBh Bkb jok ns/ Eek ;edk ;h.M{m/ rtkj pDk bJ/ iKd/ ;B. M{m ns/
                                   p/JhwkBh dk pbpkbk ;h.w[~edw/pkIh tX rJh.ndkbsK ft~u ezw fInkdk jØD d/ ekoD c?;b/ ft~u d/o jØD
                                              Ø
                                   b~rh.gqzs{ w[~y r~b fJj ;h fe gozgokrs fBnkn gqDkbh, gzukfJs, fIwhAdko, ekIh, cΩidko ns/ Bkfiw
                                   nkfd dh EK s/ :{ogh fBnknXhP nk rJ/ i Gkosh ohs fotkiK ns/ gozgoktK sØA nDikD ;B.1817 ft~u
                                                                    Ø
                                   wBoØ B/ th fJBK :{ogh fBnknXhPK dh nDfG~rsk dh fy~bh T[VkJh ;h.
                                   g[fb; ;[XkoL
                                   g[fb; ;[XkoL
                                   g[fb; ;[XkoL
                                   g[fb; ;[XkoL fBnkfJe ;[XkoK Bz{ bkr{ eoD ns/ nB[g{oD eoD ft~u g[fb; gqPk;B ft~u w~jstg{oD
                                   g[fb; ;[XkoL
                                   gfotosB ehs/ rJ/.ebe~sk ft~u r[zfvnK ns/ d[Pufo~so beK dk jh oki pD frnk ;h.e[M pIkoK sØA sK
                                                                                Ø
                                   bØe ;{oi fSgD sØA pknd r[Iod/ jh BjhA ;B.g[fb; nXhePe th fGqPN jh ;B. g[fb; d/ eowukohnK
                                   ft~u ssgosk ns/ JhwkBdkoh fbnkUD bJh ekoBtkfb; B/ UjBK d/ t/sB tXk fd~s/ ns/ uØoK ns/
                                   j~fsnfonK Bz{ geVD Bjh g[o;eko d/D gq;skt ehs/.
                                   rqkwhD y/soK ft~u fIwhAdkoK d/ g[fb; nfXeko ysw eo fd~s/ rJ/.ns/ Uj nkgD/ ft~u ve?sh ns/ j~fsnk
                                   bJh T[ZsodkJh bJhA oj/.nzro/I dzvBkfJeK Bz{ fIb/ dh g[fb; dk Gko fdsk frnk.fIb/ Bz{ 400 tor whb
                                   d/ y/soK ft~u tzv fd~sk frnk.ns/ jo y/so ft~u fJ~e dork ns/ T[;dh wdd bJh g[fb; eowukoh fB:[es
                                                                              Ø
                                   ehs/ rJ/.
                                   g[Bot/yD
                                   g[Bot/yD
                                   g[Bot/yD
                                   g[Bot/yD
                                   g[Bot/yD  (Overview)
                                   ftXh dk Pk;BL
                                   ftXh dk Pk;BL
                                   ftXh dk Pk;BL
                                   ftXh dk Pk;BL
                                   ftXh dk Pk;BL nzzro/iK dh fJ; r~b bJh gqPz;k eoBh jØt/rh fe UjBK B/ Gkos ft~u gfjbh tko ftXh
                                   d/ Pk;B torh nkX[fBe gfoebgBk ;Ekfgs ehsh.fJ; dk wsbp fJj ;h fe Gkos ft~u fJ; sØA gfjbK
                                   ub ojh wBwkB/ Yzr dh ftt;Ek ysw jØ rJh.j[D jo ftnesh Bz{ nkgD/ nfXeko ns/ ftP/PkfXeko dk
                                   frnkB fwb ;edk ;h.fB:w fbghp~X jØ rJ/.ukj/ fJj mhe j? fe ftnesh d/ nfXekoK dk nfseqwD jØ
                                   iKdk ;h ns/ T[;Bz{ fBnkn BjhA fwbdk ;h gqzs{ fco th fJj wzBDk jØt/rk fe x~N sØA x~N nfijk wΩek sK
                                   fwbdk ;h fe dØPh gdkfXekohnK Bz{ ndkbsK ft~u fbnk yVk ehsk iKdk ;h.
                                   ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y pokpohL ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y ;ko/ bØe ukj/ UjBK       dk Xow, toD, iksh iK tor eØJh th
                                   ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y pokpohL
                                   ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y pokpohL
                                   ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y pokpohL
                                   ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y pokpohL
                                   feUA Bk jØt/, ;G Bz{ pokpo wzfBnk iKdk ;h.fJ;dk noE fJj jØfJnk fe fJ; sØA gfjbK dh fBnkfJe
                                   gqEk fi; ft~u pqkjwD ns/ P{do, fIwhAdko ns/ fe;kB d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB ekBz{B j[zd/ ;B, ysw jØ rJh.
                                   w[;fbw ekBz{B th iØ fJ;soh ns/ g[o[P Bkb G/d Gkt eodk ;h, ysw jØ frnk.fJj fJ~e nb~r rb j?
                                   fe n;bhns EØVh fGzB ;h.rohp fe;kBK ns/ ;kXkoD iBsk Bz{ tehb fB:[es eoB/ g?Ad/ ;B iØ wØNh wØNh
                                   okPhnK ch;K d/ o{g ft~u b?Ad/ ;B ns/ XBtkB bØe g[fb; ns/ fBnkngkfbek Bz{ fGqPN BhshnK ngDk e/
                                   rohp bØeK Bz{ fBnkn sØA tzfus eo fdzd/ ;B.
                                   ftneshrs dhtkBh ekBz{b ;thfeqsL  nzro/iK  sØA gfjbk fe;/ th Pk;e B/ Gkos ft~u fGzB fGzB
                                   ftneshrs dhtkBh ekBz{b ;thfeqsL
                                   ftneshrs dhtkBh ekBz{b ;thfeqsL
                                   ftneshrs dhtkBh ekBz{b ;thfeqsL
                                   ftneshrs dhtkBh ekBz{b ;thfeqsL
                                   XowktbzGhnK s/ ns/ fGzB fGzB ;w[dk:K s/ fJ~e jh dhtkBh ekBz{B b~dD dk gq:k; BjhA ehsk ;h.Uj gqEk

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