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fJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[Xko
fJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[Xko
fJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[Xko
fJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[Xko
fJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[Xko
j[D th nzro/iK B/ ;theko eo bJh noEks fGzB fGzB ;zgodk:K ns/ ;w[dk:K d/ bØeK s/ UjBK d/ nkgD/ BØN
nkgD/ ekBz{B bkr{ oj/ ns/ Uj UjBK d/ jh nXhB pD/ oj/, ftP/Peo ftnkj, ;z:[es gfotko gqEk, rd
Ø
b?Dk ns/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ ekBz{B nkfd d/ wkwb/ ft~u.
pkoh tehbK dk ftek;L
gqfPefPs fBnkfJe gdkfXekohnK ns/ ekoØpkoh tehbK dk ftek;L nzro/iK sØA gfjbK G{whgsh
gqfPefPs fBnkfJe gdkfXekohnK ns/ ekopkoh tehbK dk ftek;L pkoh tehbK dk ftek;L
gqfPefPs fBnkfJe gdkfXekohnK ns/ ekopkoh tehbK dk ftek;L
gqfPefPs fBnkfJe gdkfXekohnK ns/ eko
gqfPefPs fBnkfJe gdkfXekohnK ns/ eko
ns/ gqPk;e fBnkfJe wkwfbnK d/ fBoD/ ft~u wj~stg{oD G{fwek fBGkUAd/ ;B.ezgBh d/ nXhb j[D ekB{zB
fbfys ns/ fInkdk ;zfjskp~X pD frnk ;h.fi; d/ cb;o{g gV/ fby/ nfij/ beK dk tor ;kjwD/ nkfJnk
Ø
iØ fJjBK ekBz{BK dh GkPk Bz{ ;wM ;eD ns/ fBnkngkfbek d/ ;kjwD/ o~y ;eD.fJj ;h ekoØpkoh tehbK
dk tor iØ nkgD/ w[t~febK d/ nfXekoK dh o~fynk ns/ UjBK dk g~y gq;s[s eoD ft~u ;ePw ;B.fJj
;h nkX[fBe fBnkfJe gqDkbh dk T[ZEkB ns/ ftek;. fJj mhe j? fe fJ; g~dsh dhnK e[M ;hwKtK jB
ns/ fJ; ft~u e[M ewhnk th jB, ftP/Peo fBnkn gqkgs eoD ft~u d/oh. gqzs{ fJ; ft~u BkfJB;kch dh
;zGktBk x~N j[zdh ;h.
ezgBh dh fJj fBnkfJe gqDkbh gqPz;k:Ør ;h feUAfe fJ; ft~u ekBz{B dh ;otØusk ns/ gqG{;~sk ;theko
j rJh ;h, ekBz{B Bz{ ;zfjskp~X ehsk frnk ;h ns/ fJj g~Swh fBnkn gqDkbh ns/ wkBtsk d/ nB[o{g
Ø
;h.fJj mhe j? fe fJ; d/ e[M Bshi/ ntKSBh: ;B.fJj BthA ngfofus , ft;fsqs ns/ wfjzrh gqDkbh
iBsk Bz{ uzrh BjhA b~rh.w[~edw/ fJzB/ bzp/ j iKd/ ;B fe be fBokP j ikd/ ;B.bØe ;;sk ns/ ibdh fwbD
Ø
Ø
Ø
tkbk fBnkn ukj[zd/ ;B. fJ; gqDkbh ft~u M{m, ukbkeh, XØykXVh ns/ g?;? dk pØbpkbk ;h. w[~edw/pkIh
tXh ns/ ekoØpkoh tehbK B/ iBsk Bz{ y{p b[~fNnk ns/ fJjh bØe ;wki d/ w[yhnk pD rJ/.fJ; ft~u t~vh
w[;hps fJj ;h fe fBnknXhP nkw sΩo s/ nzro/I j[zzd/ ;B iØ ;EkBe ohsh fotkiK, goh;fEshnK ns/
GkPk d/ ;{yw G/dK sØA nDikD ;B.fJ; sØA fJbktk fJj ftd/Ph fBnknXhP fijBK Bz{ ftd/Phnk d/ gqsh
g{otkrqj th j[zdk ;h, Uj ftd/PhnK ns/ GkoshnK d/ ft~u d/ fttkdK ft~u Gkoshnk Bz{ fBnkn BjhA d/Ad/
;B.fJ;/ soK fJj Jh;kJhnK d/ gqsh fInkdk ;jkB{G{s j[zd/ ;B.fjzd{ w[;fbw MrfVnK ft~u th UjBk B/
g~ygks g{oD o{g ngDkfJnk.
gqzs{ i th jØt/ fJ; Bkb ezgBh dk wsbp g{ok j frnk. fJj G{wh dh ns/ jØo eoK d/ ;zrqfjD ft~u bkGekoh
Ø
Ø
f;~X jØJh ns/ ekBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek ft~u ;[Xko nkfJnk.
;t^w[~bKeD
;t^w[~bKeD
;t^w[~bKeD (Self-Assessment)
;t^w[~bKeD
;t^w[~bKeD
ykbh ;EkB GoØ (Fill in the Blanks)
ykbh ;EkB Go
ykbh ;EkB Go
ykbh ;EkB Go
ykbh ;EkB Go
1H ekoBtkfb; d[nkok 1790 ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ ft~u cΩidkoh ekBz{B ft~u e[M gfotosB ehs/ rJ/.
2H ekoBtkfb; B/ 1793 ft~u nkgD/ fBnkfJe ;[XkoK Bz{ nzfsw o{g d/ e/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ o{g ft~u
gq;s[s ehsk.
3H ekoBtkfb; Bz{ Gkos ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk iBwdksk fejk iKdk j?.
4H P[o{ ft~u f;ftb ;/tk gqhfynk dh T[wo 23 ;kb ;h fi; Bz{ fbNB B/ xNk e/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH eo fd~sk.
5H HHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u fJj fBPfus ehsk frnk fe rtkj d/ “Xow ftP/P@ wkwb/ s/ eJh gqGkt BjhA jt/rk.
Ø
Ø
2 ;ko nzP
2 ;ko nzP
2 ;ko nzP
2 ;ko nzP
4 4 4 4 4.2 ;ko nzP (Summary)
J 1790 ns/ 1792 d/ ft~u cΩidkoh fBnkn ft~u e[M gfotosB th ehs/ rJ/. Gkosh fBnknXhPK tkbh
cΩidkoh ndkbsK ysw eoe/ UjBK d/ ;EkB s/ 4 GqwD ndkbsK, 3 pzrkb bJh ns/ 1 fpjko bJh
fB:[es ehshnK rJhnK.
J T[;B/ nkgD/ fBnkfJe ;[XkoK Bz{ 1793 ft~u nzzfsw o{g d/ e/ ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk d/ o{g ft~u gq;s[s
ehsk.fJj ;[Xko gqf;~X “PeshnK dk gqEeheoD@ s/ nkXkfos ;h.

J fJ; soK w[zf;c dh ndkbs Bz{ 50 o[gJ/ s~e d/ wkwb/ ;[DB dk nfXeko ;h fi;dk nfXneP fJ~e
Gkosh nfXekoh j[zdk ;h.T[;d/ TZgo ofi;Nqko dh ndkbs ;h fi; Bz{ 200 o[gJ/ s~e d/ wkwb/ ;[DB

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