Page 204 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

bdkbZμ8% laoSèkkfud lajpukμO;oLFkkfidk

osQ fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk FkkA çèkkuea=kh dh fLFkfr osQoy ^lalnh; çcaèkd* (Parliamentary uksV
Manager) dh jg xbZ ftldk dk;Z ljdkj dks pykuk vkSj uhfr dks dk;kZfUor djuk FkkA ijarq 1986 esa tc foi{kh
xBcaèku dks us'kuy vlascyh esa cgqer çkIr gks x;k vkSj mlus vius usrk tkd fpjkd dks çèkkuea=kh cukus dh
?kks"k.kk dh rc mlosQ rFkk jk"Vªifr feÙkjksa osQ chp osQ 'kfDr&larqyu esa u;k eksM+ vk x;kA 1986 ls 1988 rd
u, çèkkuea=kh us de&ls&de Lons'kh {ks=k esa viuk flDdk tek fy;k] vkSj jk"Vªifr dks lakosQfrd vè;{k
(Nominal Head) dh fLFkfr esa igq¡pk fn;kA 1988 esa jk"Vªifr vkSj us'kuy vlascyh osQ u, pquko gq, ftUgksaus
bl fLFkfr ij iVk{ksi dj fn;kA 1997 ls lektoknh ikVhZ osQ çèkkuea=kh vkSj nf{k.kiaFkh xBcaèku osQ jk"Vªifr osQ
chp lgpkfjrk (co-habitation) dh fLFkfr jghA

Úkal esa eaf=keaMy osQ tks ea=kh jk"Vªifr vkSj çèkkuea=kh dh lsok esa jgrs gSa] mudk p;u jktuhfrd vkèkkj ij Hkh
gks ldrk gS_ rduhdh ;ksX;rkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij Hkh gks ldrk gSA lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 23 osQ vuqlkj] dksbZ O;fDr
ljdkj esa dke djrs gq, laln&lnL; ugha jg ldrkA vr% us'kuy vlsacyh osQ çR;sd mEehnokj dks viuk ,d
vuqiwjd (running Mate) euksuhr djuk iM+rk gS rkfd ;fn dksbZ laln&lnL; ljdkj esa ea=kh cu tk, ;k
lafoèkku&ifj"kn~ (Constituinal Council) dk lnL; cu tk,] ;k lhusV dk lnL; pqu fy;k tk,] ;k mldh e`R;q
gks tk, rks mldk vuqiwjd mlosQ çfrfufèk (Deputy) osQ :i esa dk;Z dj losQA
dqN ekeyksa esa Úkal dk eaf=keaMy vejhdh eaf=keaMy ls feyrk&tqyrk gS D;ksafd blls fo'ks"kKksa (Specialists)
dks j[kk tkrk gSA ijarq dqN vU; ekeyksa esa Úkal dk eaf=keaMy fczfV'k eaf=keaMy ls feyrk&tqyrk gS D;ksafd blosQ
lnL; us'kuy vlsacyh osQ okn&fookn esa fgLlk ysrs gSa] vkSj mi;qDr {ks=kksa esa bl okn&fookn dk usr`Ro Hkh djrs
gSa_ os LFkk;h lfefr;ksa (Standing Committees) osQ lkeus mifLFkr gksrs gSa] vkSj vlsacyh osQ lnL;ksa osQ fyf[kr
,oa ekSf[kd ç'uksa osQ mÙkj Hkh nsrs gSaA Úkalhlh eaf=keaMy osQ lnL; ,d vR;ar fuiq.k ,oa çHkko'kkyh ç'kklfud
lsok (Civil Service) osQ fudV lg;ksx esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
Úkal osQ 1958 osQ lafoèkku osQ varxZr lafoèkku osQ la'kksèku (Consitutional Amendment) dh O;oLFkk Hkh dj
nh xbZ gSA bldk ,d rjhdk ;g gS fd çLrkfor la'kksèku dks us'kyu vlsacyh vkSj lhusV osQ la;qDr vfèkos'ku
esa de&ls&de 60» cgqer çkIr gksA nwljk rjhdk ;g gS fd la'kksèku&foèks;d dks nksuksa lnuksa esa ,d gh :i esa
ikfjr dj fn;k tk,] vkSj fiQj ml ij ifji`PNk (Referendum) vk;ksftr djosQ turk dk vuqeksnu çkIr dj
fy;k tk,A blosQ vykok] vuqPNsn 11 osQ varxZr jk"Vªifr fl¼karr% ljdkj ;k laln ls ;g çkFkZuk dj ldrk
gS fd lafoèkku&la'kksèku ;k lafèk osQ vuqleFkZu (Treaty Ratification) osQ fy, jk"Vªh; ifji`PNk (National
Referendum) dk vk;kstu fd;k tk,A 1961 osQ ckn vkB ckj ,slh ifji`PNk djkbZ tk pqdh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,
;wjksih; la?k (European Union) dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, 1992 esa ekfLVªPV lafèk (Masstricht Treaty) dk vuqleFkZu
blh O;oLFkk osQ varxZr djk;k x;k FkkA 1995 esa lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 11 esa la'kksèku djosQ jk"Vªifr dk cgqr lkjs
fo"k;ksa ij ifji`PNk vk;ksftr djkus dk vfèkdkj ns fn;k x;kA buesa vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd uhfr (Economic
and Social Policy) rFkk lkoZtufd lsokvksa (Public Services) ls tqM+s gq, fo"k; Hkh lfEefyr gSaA bl çfØ;k esa
lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd tc jk"Vªifr fdlh fo"k; ij ifji`PNk (Referendum) osQ vk;kstu
dh ekax djrk gS] rc laln dks ml fo"k; ij okn&fookn djus dk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA
jf'k;k dh laln (Parliament of Russia)

fnlacj 1993 osQ lafoèkku osQ varxZr :l esa la?kh; x.kjkT; (Federal Republic) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA vr%
bl ns'k dk vkfèkdkfjd uke :lh la?k (Russian Federation) gSA bl la?k esa 21 x.kjkT; (Republics)] ,d
Lok;Ùk vapy (Autonomous Region)] 49 ç'kklfud vapy (Administrative Regions)] 6 çkar (Provinces)]
10 Lok;Ùk tuin (Autonomous Districts) vkSj nks la?kh; uxj (Federal Cities)μekLdksa rFkk lsaV ihVlZcxZ
lfEefyr gSaA bl rjg :lh la?k dqy feykdj 89 ç'kklfud bdkb;ksa (Administrative Units) ls cuk gSA

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