Page 202 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

bdkbZμ8% laoSèkkfud lajpukμO;oLFkkfidk

gSa tks ikap o"kZ osQ dk;Z&dky osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSa] gkykafd bl lnu dks le; ls igys Hkh Hkax fd;k tk ldrk gSA uksV
us'kuy vlascyh osQ lnL; turk osQ }kjk ,d&lnL;h; fuokZpu{ks=kksa (Single-Member constituencies) ls pqus tkrs
gSaA buosQ pquko esa ^f}rh;d cgqer ç.kkyh* (Run-off Absolute Majority System) dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA O;kogkj osQ
èkjkry ij] okeiaFkh vkSj nf{k.kiaFkh nyksa osQ xBcaèku vkil esa le>kSrk djosQ cgqr de oksV ikus okys mEehnokjksa
dks cSB tkus osQ fy, rS;kj dj ysrs gSa rkfd nks lcls cy'kkyh mEehnokjksa esa lhèkk eqdkcyk djk;k tk losQA fiQj
Hkh lkèkkj.kr% us'kuy vlsacyh osQ rhu&pkSFkkbZ LFkku ^nqckjk ernku ç.kkyh* (second ballot) ls Hkjs tkrs gSaA
lhusV osQ 321 lnL; ,d fuokZp.k (Electoral College) osQ }kjk vçR;{k :i ls pqus tkrs gSaA fuokZpdx.k esa
us'kuy vlsacyh osQ LFkk;h lnL;] es;j] foHkkxh; ifj"kn~ksa osQ lnL;] vkSj uxjikfydk ifj"kn~ksa osQ çfrfufèk
(Delegates) lfEefyr gksrs gSaA lhusV osQ lnL; ukS o"kZ osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSaA blosQ fy, rhu&rhu o"kZ ckn frgkbZ
lnL; lsokfuo`Ùk gks tkrs gSa] vkSj mudh txg u, lnL;ksa dk pquko gksrk gSA

fuokZpd&x.k (Electoral College) mu çfrfufèk;ksa dk lewg gS tks Lo;a fuokZfpr gksdj vkrs gSa] vkSj
mUgsa fdlh mPprj lHkk osQ lnL;ksa ;k mPpkfèkdkfj;ksa dk pquko djuk gksrk gSA

us'kuy vlsacyh osQ 22 lnL; vkSj lhusV osQ 13 lnL; leqæ&ikj osQ foHkkxksa vkSj {ks=kksa (Overseas Departments
and Territories) osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA lhusV osQ 12 lnL; fons'kksa esa jgus okys Úkalhlh jk"Vªtuksa (French
Nationals) osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA
us'kuy vlsacyh viuk dk;Z Ng cM+h&cM+h d`R;kRed LFkk;h lfefr;ksa (Functional Standing committees) osQ
ekè;e ls djrh gSa ftues 61&61 ;k 121&121 lnL; gksrs gSaA ;g lnu laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh
gSA ;gh lnu lcls igys okf"kZd ctV dh tkap djrk gSA çèkkuea=kh blh lnu esa ls pquk tkrk gSA lcls c<+dj]
blosQ lnL; fuank ;k vfo'okl&çLrko (Censure or No-Confidence Motion) ykdj ljdkj dks fxjkus dh
{kerk j[krs gSaA
lhusV osQ pquko&vkèkkj (Electoral base) esa LFkkuh; 'kklu ls tqM+s gq, çfrfufèk;ksa dh çèkkurk jgrh gSA ;s eq[;r%
eè;ekxhZ (Centrist) vkSj Lokèkhu fopkjksa okys yksx gksrs gSaA vr% ;g lnu us'kuy vlsacyh ij ,d çHkko'kkyh
vadq'k dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA us'kuy vlsacyh }kjk ikfjr foèkku (Legislation) ij ;g lnu vLFkk;h fu"ksèkkfèkdkj
(Temporary Veto) dk ç;ksx dj ldrk gSA tc nksuksa lnuksa esa erHksn dks nwj djus osQ fy, ^la;qDr lekèkku
lEesyu* (Joint Conciliation conferences) cqyk, tkrs gSa] rc ;g lnu fopkjkèkhu foèkku esa la'kksèku çLrqr
dj ldrk gSA ijarq us'kuy vlsacyh vius ^fu'p;kRed er* (Definitive Vote) dk ç;ksx djosQ lhusV osQ
fu"ksèkkfèkdkj dks jí dj ldrh gSA
Úkalhlh 'kklu&ç.kkyh dh ,d vuks[kh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk (Political Executive)
osQ eqdkcys laln dh 'kfDr;ka cgqr lhfer jg tkrh gSaA 1958 osQ lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj laln osQoy lhfer {ks=k esa
dkuwu cuk ldrh gSμtSls fd djkèkku (Taxation)] uxj&O;oLFkk ls tqM+s gq, vfèkdkjksa (Civic Rights)] fuokZpu
dkuwuksa (Electoral Laws)] jk"Vªh;dj.k (nationalization) vkSj naM&O;oLFkk ls tqM+s gq, ekeyksa (Penal Matters)
esa A ijarq f'k{kk] Je dkuwu (Labour Law)] jk"Vª j{kk laxBu (National Defence Organization)] LFkkuh;
'kklu (Local Government) vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk (Social Security) osQ {ks=k esa og osQoy ekxZn'kZd&fl¼kar
(Guidelines) ;k ewy&fl¼kar (Principles) gh fuèkkZfjr dj ldrh gSA uhfr (Policy) ls tqM+s gq, vU; {ks=kksa esa
ljdkj dks dk;Zdkjh vkKfIr (Executive Decree) osQ ekè;e ls dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr çkIr gSA vius vfèkdkj
{ks=k esa Hkhrj Hkh laln le;≤ ij dk;Zdkjh 'kk[kk dks fufnZ"V vofèk osQ fy, ;g vfèkdkj ns ldrh gS fd

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