Page 205 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV 'kklu&ç.kkyh osQ Lrj ij ;gka vè;{kh; ç.kkyh (Presidential System) vkSj lalnh; ç.kkyh (Parliamentary
System) dk feJ.k rS;kj djus dk ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA vè;{kh; ç.kkyh dh rjg ;gak ,d 'kfDr'kkyh jk"Vªifr
(president) dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS] vkSj lalnh; ç.kkyh dh rjg ;gka ,d 'kfDr'kkyh laln (Parliament) dh
O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ftls la?kh; lHkk (Federal Assembly) dgk tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr jkT; dk vè;{k (head of
State) gS tks lhèks tulkèkkj.k osQ }kjk pkj o"kZ osQ fy, pquk tkrk gS_ mls yxkrkj nks ckj ls vkxs ugha pquk tk
ldrkA og lafoèkku dk laj{kd gS] vkSj l'kL=k lsukvksa dk loksZPp lsukifr (Supreme Commander of the

Armed Forces) Hkh gSA og çèkkuea=kh (Prime Minister) rFkk eaf=kifj"kn~ (Council of Ministers) vFkok
eaf=keaMy (Cabinet) dh fu;qfDr djrk gS ftlesa yxHkx 30 lnL; j[ks tkrs gSaA budh fu;qfDr osQ fy, laln
(parliament) dk vuqeksnu t:jh gksrk gSA jk"Vªifr ,d varjax eaf=keaMy (Kitchen Cabinet) dh lykg ls dk;Z
djrk gS ftlesa mlosQ fo'oLr fe=k vkSj mPpkfèkdkjh lfEefyr gksrs gSaA eaf=keaMy dks lÙkk esa jgus osQ fy, laln
dk fo'okl çkIr gksuk pkfg,A

jk"Vªifr vkKfIr;ka (Decrees) tkjh dj ldrk gS tks dkuwu dh rjg ekU; gksrh gSA ijarq ;s vkKfIr;ksa çpfyr
dkuwu osQ fo:¼ ugha gksuh pkfg,A fiQj laln bUgsa fujLr Hkh dj ldrh gSA nwljh vksj] jk"Vªifr Hkh
lalnμ}kjkμikfjr foèks;d (Bill) dks dkuwu cuus ls jksd ldrk gSA og laln vFkkZr~ la?kh; lHkk (Federal
Assembly) osQ çfr vius okf"kZd vfHkHkk"k.k (Annual Address) osQ varxZr ljdkj dh jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
uhfr dk fu:i.k dj ldrk gSA ns'k dh j{kk (Defence) dk nkf;Ro l¡Hkkyus osQ fy, jk"Vªifr lqj{kk&ifj"kn~
(Security Council) fu;qDr djrk gS ftldk vè;{k og Lo;a gksrk gSA og osQaæh; cSad (Central Bank) osQ vè;{k
(Chairperson)] egk&vfHk;kstd (prosecutor General) rFkk U;k;ikfydk (Judiciary) osQ çeq[k lnL;ksa dh
fu;qfDr dk çLrko laln osQ ikl Hkstrk gSA tuojh] 1994 osQ ckn lqj{kk&lsok,¡] x`g&ea=kky;] j{kk ea=kky; vkSj
fons'k ea=kky; lhèks jk"Vªifr osQ vèkhu dj fn, x, gSaA jk"Vªifr&in dk mEehnokj de&ls&de nl yk[k ernkrkvksa
osQ }kjk euksuhr gksuk pkfg,_ buessa fdlh ,d vapy (Region) ;k x.kjkT; (Republic) osQ ernkrkvksa dh la[;k
dqy la[;k dh 7» ls T;knk ugha gksuh pkfg,A
:l esa foèkkf;dk (Legislature) osQ d`R; la?kh; lHkk (Federal Assembly) dks lkSais x, gSaA blesa nks lnu
(Chambers) j[ks x, gSaA voj lnu (Lower House) dks LVsV M~;wek dgk tkrk gSA blesa 450 lnL;ksa dh O;oLFkk
dh xbZ gSA mPp lnu (Upper House) dks la?kh; ifj"kn~ (Federal Council) dgk tkrk gSA blesa 178 lnL;ksa
dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA LVsV M~;wek osQ 225 lnL; lhèks ,dlnL;h; fuokZpu{ks=kksa (Single Member Constituencies)
ls pkj o"kZ osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSaA bl pquko esa cgqyer ç.kkyh (Plurality System) viukbZ tkrh gSμvFkkZr~ ^tks
lcls vkxs] thr mldh* (First pas the post)A 'ks"k 225 lnL; jk"Vªh; ny&lwfp;ksa (National Party Lists) ls
vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo (proportional Reperesentation) osQ vkèkkj ij pqus tkrs gSaa bl rjg izR;sd ernkrk
osQ nks oksV gksrs gSaA ,d LFkkuh; fuokZpu {ks=k osQ fy,_ nwljk jk"Vªh; ny&lwph osQ fy,A LVsV M~;wek osQ mEehnokj
dh U;wure vk;q 21 o"kZ gksuh pkfg,A tc dksbZ mEehnokj pqu fy;k tkrk gS] tc og dksbZ oSrfud dk;Z (Paid
Job) Lohdkj ugha dj ldrk_ u og fdlh ljdkjh in (Government Post) ij jg ldrk gSA

cgqyer iz.kkyh (Plurality System): og fuokZpu&iz.kkyh ftlosQ varxZr ,dlnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=k esa ftl
mEehnokj dks lcls T+;knk oksV feyrs gSa] mls fot;h eku fy;k tkrk gSA
vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo (Proportional Representation): ,slh pquko iz.kkyh ftlesa ernkrk ,d ls vfèkd
mEehnokjksa dks viuh&viuh ilan osQ Øe esa j[k ldrs gSa rkfd cgqer (Majority) osQ lkFk&lkFk vYier
(Minority) dks Hkh mfpr izfrfufèkRo fn;k tk losQA ;g ,d tfVy iz.kkyh gSA blosQ fy, dbZ rjhosQ viuk, tk
ldrs gSa tks izLrkfor pquko osQ fu;eksa osQ varxZr fufnZ"V dj fn, tkrs gSaA
la?kh; ifj"kn~ osQ varXkZr :lh la?k dh 89 iz'kklfud bdkb;ksa esa ls izR;sd osQ nks&nks izfrfufèk lfEefyr gksrs gSa
ftlls bl ifj"kn~ osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 178 gks tkrh gSA fdlh Hkh x.kjkT; ;k vapy osQ izfrfufèk Øe'k% ogka
dh dk;Zikfydk (Executive) vkSj foèkkf;dk osQ vè;{k gksus pkfg,A

200 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY