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z fczfV'k laln dks çHkqlÙkklaiUu ekuus dk eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd ogka dksbZ fyf[kr lafoèkku (Written uksV
Constitution) ugha gSa 'kklu&ç.kkyh ls tqM+h gqbZ çFkk,¡ (conventions)] U;kf;d n`"Vkar (Judicial
Precedents) vkSj laln osQ vfèkfu;e (parliamentary Enactments) gh ogka osQ lafoèkku dk vkèkkj gSA
laln osQ vfèkfu;e dkuwu dh n`f"V ls loksZifj gSA
z oLrqr% çèkkuea=kh gh eaf=keaMy cukrk vkSj rksM+rk gSA og viuh ilan osQ laln&lnL;ksa dks eaf=keaMy esa j[k
ldrk gS gkykafd mls fofHkUu jktuhfrd fgrksa vkSj fHkUu&fHkUu lewgksa esa usr`Ro osQ nkosnkjksa dks blesa mfpr
çfrfufèkRo nsuk iM+rk gSA
z eaf=keaMy fczfV'k lkafoèkkfud ç.kkyh dh èkqjh gSA eaf=keaMy osQ lnL; vius&vius ç'kklfud foHkkx osQ
vè;{k osQ ukrs ns'k osQ 'kklu esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA vejhdh eaf=keaMy osQ lnL; rks foèkkueaMy
ls fcYdqy ugha tqM+s gksrs vkSj os osQoy jk"Vªifr (President) osQ lsod gksrs gSa] ijarq fczfV'k eaf=keaMy osQ
lnL; Lo;a foèkkueaMy osQ egÙoiw.kZ lnL; gksrs gSa] vkSj os lkewfgd :i ls foèkkueaMy dh lapkyu lfefr
(Steering committee) osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
z fczfV'k ç.kkyh osQ varxZr foèkkueaMy vkSj dk;Zikfydk esa xfrjksèk (Dedlock) iSnk gksus dh dksbZ xqatkb'k ugha gSA

z la;qDr jkT; vesjhdk osQ foèkkueaMy dks ^dkaxzsl* dgk tkrk gSA vesjhdk esa la?kh; 'kklu ç.kkyh (Federal
Government) çpfyr gSA ogk¡ dh la?kh; ljdkj iwjs jk"Vª ls lacafèkr ekeyksa dk 'kklu pykrh gS] ipkl
jkT;ksa dh ljdkjsa vius&vius ls lacafèkr ekeyksa dk 'kklu pykrh gSA la?kh; ç.kkyh dh vko';drk osQ
vuq:i ogka la?k osQ foèkkueaMyμvFkkZr~ dkaxzsl esa nks lnu j[ks x, gSa% (1) çfrfufèk lHkk (House of
Representatives) laiw.kZ jk"Vª osQ tulkèkkj.k dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS_ vkSj (2) lhusV (Senate)
i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ jkT;ksa dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA çfrfufèk lHkk dks fuEu lnu ;k voj lnu (Lower House)
dgk tkrk gS_ lhusV dks mPp lnu] mijyk lnu (Uppoer House) dgk tkrk gS_ ;k nwljk lnu (Second
chamber) dgk tkrk gSA çfrfufèk lHkk osQ lnL; dks dkaxzsl&lnL; dgk tkrk gS_ lhusV osQ lnL; dks lhusV
lnL; ;k lhusVj (Senator) dgk tkrk gSA
z blesa 435 lnL; gksrs gSa tks fd iwjs ns'k dh turk osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA blosQ fuokZpu{ks=k (constituencies)

tula[;k osQ vkèkkj ij cuk, tkrs gSaA vr% bl lnu esa fdlh jkT; ls vkus okys çfrfufèk;ksa dh la[;k ogka
dh tula[;k ij fuHkZj gSA
z çfrfufèk lHkk osQ lnL; nks o"kZ osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSaA bl vofèk dks fdlh Hkh rjg c<+k;k ;k ?kVk;k ugha tk ldrkA
z la;qDr jkT; vesjhdk osQ çR;sd jkT; dks lhusV esa vius nks&nks çfrfufèk Hkstus dk vfèkdkj gS] pkgs HkkSxksfyd
;k tula[;k dh n`f"V ls dksbZ jkT; fdruk Hkh NksVk ;k cM+k D;ksa u gks] pawfd ogka jkT;ksa dh orZeku la[;k
50 gS] blfy, lhusV esa 100 lnL; gksrs gSaA 'kq:&'kq: esa jkT;ksa osQ foèkkueaMy vius&vius jkT; dk
çfrfufèkRo djus osQ fy, lhusV&lnL;ksa dk pquko djrs FksA ijarq 1913 ls jkT;ksa dh turk budk çR;{k pquko
djrh gSA
z la;qDr jkT; vesjhdk dk mijk"Vªifr (Vice-President) lhusV dk lHkkifr (Chairman) gksrk gSA

z vesjhdk esa la?kh; ç.kkyh vkSj fyf[kr lafoèkku viuk;k x;k gSA blosQ varxZr fofèk&fuekZ.k osQ fo"k;ksa dh nks
lwfp;ka (Lists) cukbZ xbZ gSa % la?kh; fo"k; (Federal Subject) vkSj jkT; fo"k; (State Subjects)A tks fo"k;
buesa ls fdlh lwph osQ fopkj{ks=k esa ugha vkrs] mUgsa vof'k"V fo"k; (Residual Subjects) dgk tkrk gSA
z vejhdh dkaxzsl fofHkUu ç'kklfud foHkkxksa osQ ckjs esa fooj.k (Reports) e¡xk ldrh gSA ;g viuh tkap
lfefr;ka (Inquiry committees) fu;qDr djosQ ç'kklfud foHkkxksa dh vkykspuk dj ldrh gSA
z ;fn ns'kæksg] Hkz"Vkpkj ;k lafoèkku osQ mYya?ku] bR;kfn dk vkjksi yxkdj jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] U;k;kèkh'kksa

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