Page 216 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

bdkbZμ8% laoSèkkfud lajpukμO;oLFkkfidk

z bl rjg loksZPp U;k;ky; us vius&vkidks lafoèkku dk laj{kd (Guardian of the Consitution) eku fy;k gSA uksV
z O;ogkj osQ Lrj ij Úkal esa yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk esa dbZ mrkj&p<+ko vk,A dbZ ckj ogka yksdra=k dks pqukSfr
nh xbZ] ml ij çgkj fd, x,] vkSj mldk neu Hkh dj fn;k x;kA ijarq 1958 esa ogka iapd x.kjkT; (Fifth
Republic) dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn yksdra=k iwjh rjg LFkkfir gks pqdk gSA
z Úkal dk iape x.kjkT; f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ (1939-45) osQ çfl¼ lSU; uk;d tujy pkYlZ n xkWy
(1890&1970) osQ usr`Ro esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA tujy n xkWy 1953 esa lkoZtfud thou ls laU;kl ys
pqosQ Fks] ijarq 1958 esa mUgsa okil cqyk;k x;kA 1958 esa gh jk"Vªh; ifji`PNk (national referendum) osQ
ckn iape x.kjkT; dh uhao j[kh xbZ vkSj u;k lafoèkku ykxw fd;k x;kA tujy n xkWy 1959 ls 1969 rd
Úkal osQ jk"Vªifr jgsA ledkyhu Úkalhlh ljdkj dh laLFkkvksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dks ,d fuf'pr :i esa <+kyus
esa n xkWy dh Hkwfedk lcls çHkko'kkyh jghA
z Úkal osQ iape x.kjkT; osQ lafoèkku (1958) osQ varxZr ,dkRed 'kklu&ç.kkyh (Unitary Form of
Government) viukbZ xbZ gSA vr% ogka ,d gh jk"Vªh; ljdkj dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA blosQ vykok ogka
dh turk 22 {ks=kh; ifj"kn~ksa (Regional Councils) 96 egkuxj foHkkxh; ifj"kn~ksa (Metropolition
Department Councils) vkSj 36]673 uxjikfydk ifj"kn~ksa (Municipal Councils) ;k dE;wuksa (Communes)
dk pquko Hkh djrh gSA
z iape x.kjkT; osQ lafoèkku (1958) osQ varxZr nks&lnuh; laln (Two-Chamber Parliament) vkSj ^nksgjh
dk;Zikfydk* (Dual Excutive) dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ;g O;oLFkk Úkalhlh jktuhfr ç.kkyh dks lkèkkj.k
lalnh; ç.kkyh (Parliamentary System) ls vyx fl¼ djrh gSA lkèkkj.k lalnh; ç.kkyh esa çèkkuea=kh
(Prime Minister) ,oa mldk eaf=keaMy (cabinet) vkilh lykg (Advice) ls dk;Z djrk gSA ijarq Úkal
esa çèkkuea=kh vkSj jk"Vªifr fey&ckaVdj dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
z Úkalhlh laln osQ fupys lnu (Lower House) dks jk"Vªh; lHkk ;k us'kuy vlsacyh (National Assembly)
dgk tkrk gS] vkSj mijys lnu (Upper House) dks lhusV (Senate) dgk tkrk gSA us'kuy vlsacyh esa 577
lnL; gksrs gSa tks ikap o"kZ osQ dk;Z&dky osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSa] gkykafd bl lnu dks le; ls igys Hkh Hkax
fd;k tk ldrk gSA us'kuy vlascyh osQ lnL; turk osQ }kjk ,d&lnL;h; fuokZpu{ks=kksa (Single-Member
constituencies) ls pqus tkrs gSaA buosQ pquko esa ^f}rh;d cgqer ç.kkyh* (Run-off Absolute Majority

System) dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA O;kogkj osQ èkjkry ij] okeiaFkh vkSj nf{k.kiaFkh nyksa osQ xBcaèku vkil esa
le>kSrk djosQ cgqr de oksV ikus okys mEehnokjksa dks cSB tkus osQ fy, rS;kj dj ysrs gSa rkfd nks lcls
cy'kkyh mEehnokjksa esa lhèkk eqdkcyk djk;k tk losQA
z lhusV osQ 321 lnL; ,d fuokZpdx.k (Electoral College) osQ }kjk vçR;{k :i ls pqus tkrs gSaA

z us'kuy vlsacyh osQ 22 lnL; vkSj lhusV osQ 13 lnL; leqæ&ikj osQ foHkkxksa vkSj {ks=kksa (Overseas
Departments and Territories) osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA lhusV osQ 12 lnL; fons'kksa esa jgus okys Úkalhlh
jk"Vªtuksa (French Nationals) osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSA
z fnlacj 1993 osQ lafoèkku osQ varxZr la?kh; x.kjkT; (Federal Republic) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
z 'kklu&ç.kkyh osQ Lrj ij ;gka vè;{kh; ç.kkyh (Presidential System) vkSj lalnh; ç.kkyh (Parliamentary
System) dk feJ.k rS;kj djus dk ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA vè;{kh; ç.kkyh dh rjg ;gak ,d 'kfDr'kkyh
jk"Vªifr (president) dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS] vkSj lalnh; ç.kkyh dh rjg ;gka ,d 'kfDr'kkyh laln
(Parliament) dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ftls la?kh; lHkk (Federal Assembly) dgk tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr jkT;
dk vè;{k (head of State) gS tks lhèks tulkèkkj.k osQ }kjk pkj o"kZ osQ fy, pquk tkrk gS_ mls yxkrkj
nks ckj ls vkxs ugha pquk tk ldrkA og lafoèkku dk laj{kd gS] vkSj l'kL=k lsukvksa dk loksZPp lsukifr
(Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) Hkh gSA

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 211