Page 341 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV ugha djrkA ijarq rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa esaμtgka dh fo'kky tula[;k rjg&rjg osQ lewgksa esa c¡Vh gS vkSj
vfèkdkjhra=k osQ lnL; Hkh HkkokRed Lrj ij vius ewy lewg ls tqM+s jgrs gSa] tgka lalkèkuksa (Resources) vkSj
voljksa (Opportunities) dk furkar vHkko gS] ogka ;g fopkj tulkèkkj.k dks dqN lkaRouk nsrk gSA vfèkdkjhra=k
osQ ckjs esa ;g fopkj blosQ çfl¼ fl¼kardkj eSDl oscj (1864&1920) dh ladYiuk ls esy ugha [kkrkA
blosQ vykok] rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa dh fo'kky tula[;k vkSj O;kid fuèkZurk osQ dkj.k ogka ljdkjh {ks=k esa
jkst+xkj osQ volj c<+kus dh ekax yxkrkj mBkbZ tkrh gSA mls iwjk djus osQ fy, fuEu Lrjksa ij vko';drk
ls vfèkd deZpkjh j[k fy, tkrs gSa] vkSj mudh ;ksX;rk ij Hkh fo'ks"k cy ugha fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ç'kklu
esa ^ykyi+Qhrk'kkgh* (Redtapism) dk cksyckyk gks tkrk gSA rhljh nqfu;k osQ ç'kklfud O;ogkj dh ;s fo'ks"krk,¡
vfèkdkjhra=k osQ dkuwuh&rdZlaxr çfr:i (Legal-Rational Model) ls cgqr nwj tk iM+rh gSa ftldh ladYiuk
eSDl oscj (1864&1920) us çLrqr dh FkhA

fiQj] fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ ç'kklfud vfèkdkjh T;knkrj fu;eksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa (Rules and Procedures) dk
ç;ksx vius mÙknkf;Ro ls cpus osQ fy, djrs gSa] yksd ç'kklu osQ y{;ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, ughaA ;g vfHko`fÙk
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dh vko';drkvksa osQ foijhr fl¼ gksrh gSA bu lc =kqfV;ksa dks nwj djus osQ
fy, bu ns'kksa esa foèkkueaMy (Legislature) vkSj U;k;ikfydk (Judiciary) ls tqM+s gq, lpsr fof'k"V oxks± dks
vfèkd lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksxh] vkSj i=kdkjksa (the Press) rFkk lkekftd vkanksyuksa (Social Movements)
osQ dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dks fujarj ltx jguk gksxkA
pquko&çfØ;k (Election Process): rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa esa yksdra=k dks cgqr ljkgk tkrk gSA ijarq ogka mnkj
yksdra=k (Liberal Democracy) dh laLFkk,a foLr`r :i esa fodflr ugha gks ikbZ gSA osQoy Hkkjr esa Lokèkhurk
osQ ckn yxkrkj fu;fer :i ls pquko gksrs jgs gSaA vU; ns'kksa esa ;s laLFkk,a FkksM+s&FkksM+s le; rd gh çpfyr
jg ikbZ gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ikfdLrku esa 1984 osQ pquko tujy ft;k&my&gd osQ vfèkuk;ra=k dh iqf"V osQ
fy, djk, x,] vkSj 2002 esa jk"Vªifr in osQ fy, tujy ijost eq'kjZiQ dh oSèkrk LFkkfir djus osQ fy, pquko
djk, x,A E;kaekj (cekZ) esa rks lSfud 'kklu us pquko dks et+kd gh cuk fn;kA ogka yacs lSfud 'kklu osQ
ckn 1990 esa vke pquko djk, x, ftuesa ^us'kuy yhx i+QkWj MseksØslh* dks Hkkjh cgqer ls fot;h feyh] ijarq
lSfud 'kklu us mls lÙkk lkSiusa ls budkj dj fn;kA

eSfDldks esa lkèkkj.kr% ,d gh ny osQ 'kklu dks dk;e j[kus osQ fy, pquko djk, x, gSa] vkSj buesa ckj&ckj
fj'or (Bribery) vkSj cy&ç;ksx (Coercion) dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gSA osQU;k esa ,dnyh; 'kklu dks lqn`<+ djus
osQ fy, pquko osQ le; ,d gh ny osQ mEehnokjksa esa çfrLièkkZ (Competition) dh vuqefr nh xbZ gSA osQoy 1980
vkSj 1990 osQ n'kdksa esa ysfVu vejhdk vkSj vÚhdk osQ dqN fgLlksa esa oLrqr% çfrLièkkZRed pquko djk, x,
gSaA
fiQj] tgka&tgka çfrLièkkZRed pquko djk, x,] ogka Hkh çfrLièkkZ dk mís'; dqN fo'ks"k O;fDr;ksa] latkrh;
lewgksa (Ethnic Groups) vkSj leqnk;ksa (Communities) dks ykHk igq¡pkuk jgk gS] fdlh fopkjèkkjk (Ideology)
dks c<+kok nsuk ugha jgkA
dqN ns'kksa esa iSls nsdj <sj lkjs oksV cVksj fy, x, gSa] tSls fd 1985 esa fi+QfyihUl esa jk"Vªifr ekdksZl osQ
'kklu&dky esa gqvkA 1986 esa mUgsa Hkz"Vkpkj osQ vkjksi esa vius in ls gVk fn;k x;kA

bu lc =kqfV;ksa osQ ckotwn rhljh nqfu;k esa pquko osQaæh; ljdkj vkSj LFkkuh; 'kklu osQ chp laidZ dh dM+h
dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa] vkSj tula[;k esa jktuhfr ltxrk (Political Awareness) dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA varr% ;s
pquko fof'k"Voxks± osQ 'kklu dks if'peh txr~ vkSj varjkZ"Vª vfHkdj.kksa (International Agencies) dh n`f"V
esa oSèk Bgjkus dk dke djrs gSa tks fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fodkl esa vkfFkZd lgk;rk çnku djrs gSaA

336 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY