Page 337 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV rhljh nqfu;k esa caèkqRo (Kinship) osQ vkèkkj ij yksxksa osQ eu esa tks Hkkouk,a ?kj dj pqdh gSa] os dHkh&dHkh vkèkqfud
laLFkkvksa dks Bhd rjg dke ugha djus nsrhA ;gka jktuhfrK vkSj ç'kklfud vfèkdkjh fu;eksa osQ fu"i{k ç;ksx esa
;Fks"V rRijrk ugha fn[kkrs cfYd viuh 'kfDr dk ç;ksx djrs le; vius fj'rsnkjksa] vius xk¡o ;k dchys osQ yksxksa]
vius fe=kksa vkSj leFkZdksa dks iQk;nk igq¡pkus dks rS;kj jgrs gSaA dqN yksx bl HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn (Nepotism) vkSj
Hkz"Vkpkj (Corruption) dks lkekftd nkf;Ro osQ fuokZg dh laKk nsrs gSaA
dbZ ckn ijaijkxr Hkkouk,a vkfFkZd fodkl esa lgk;d Hkh fl¼ gksrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] çkphu çkP; fopkjd
dUÝ;wf'k;l us ;g f'k{kk nh Fkh fd cM+ksa dks viuk mÙkjnkf;Ro laHkkyuk pkfg,] vkSj NksVksa dks osQoy vkKkikyu
djuk pkfg,A bu f'k{kkvksa dh çsj.kk ls phu] rkboku] flaxkiqj vkSj nf{k.kh dksfj;k esa vkfFkZd fodkl ls tqM+h
gqbZ xfrfofèk;ksa esa rsth vk xbZA dbZ ckj O;fDroknh n`f"Vdks.k dh rqyuk esa ijaijkoknh n`f"Vdks.k jktuhfr xfr'khyu
(Political Mobilization) vkSj vkfFkZd lg;ksx (Economic Cooperation) osQ fy, vfèkd mi;qDr fl¼ gksrk
gSA fodkl'khy ns'k bl {ks=k esa viuh jktuhfrd laLd`fr ls ;Fks"V ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA
fgr lewg (Interest Groups): fodkl'khy ns'k eq[;r% iajijkxr lekt jgs gSa tgka fgr Li"Vhdj.k (Interest
Articulation) vkSj fgr lewgu (Interest Aggregation) osQ fodkl dh xqatkb'k cgqr de FkhA yksx
viuh&viuh tkfr] tutkfr] èkeZ] Hkk"kk] laLd`fr] bR;kfn osQ çfr bruh xgjh fu"Bk j[krs Fks fd ;gka O;fDrxr
fgrksa osQ vkèkkj ij u, lewgksa osQ fuekZ.k dh laHkkouk,a ux.; FkhaA

,sls lewg tks vius lnL;ksa osQ fdlh leku fgr (Common Interest) dks è;ku esa j[kdj laxfBr fd, tkrs gSa]
vkSj ml fgr dh flf¼ osQ fy, os fu;fer :i ls ;k le;≤ ij lkoZtfud uhfr dks çHkkfor djus dk ç;Ru
djrs gSaA vkèkqfud lekt esa dkexkjksa (Workers)] O;kikfj;ksa (Traders)] miHkksDrkvksa (Consumers)] bR;kfn
osQ cgqr lkjs fgr lewg ik, tkrs gSaA

tu fHkUu&fHkUu O;fDr vius leku fgr dks igpku dj fgr lewg osQ :i esa laxfBr gksrs gSa rks bl çfØ;k dk
fgr lewgu (Interest Aggregation) dgk tkrk gSA tc dksbZ fgr lewg vius lnL;ksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks è;ku
j[kdj mUgsa fuf'pr ekaxksa (Demands) osQ :i esa O;Dr djrk gS rks bl çfØ;k dks fgr Li"Vhdj.k (Interest
Articulation) dgk tkrk gSA

Lokèkhurk osQ ckn bu ns'kksa esa vkèkqfudhdj.k (Modernization) dh tks çfØ;k 'kq: gqbZ] mlus ijaijkxr
thou&'kSyh dh txg vkS|ksxhdj.k (Industrialization)] 'kgjhdj.k (Urbanization)] eqæk&fofue; (Monetary
Exchanges)] vkSipkfjd f'k{kk (Formal Education) vkSj tulaidZ osQ lkèkuksa (Mass Media) osQ foLr`r ç;ksx
dks c<+kok fn;kA tc yksxksa dh vfHk:fp;ksa vkSj fgrksa esa fofoèkrk iSnk gksrh gS rks lekt esa rjg&rjg osQ laxBuμtSls
fd fdlku la?k (Peasant Unions)] etnwj la?k (Trade Unions)] okf.kT;eaMy (chambers of Commerce) vkSj
O;olkf;d lkgp;Z (Professional Associations) mHkjdj lkeus vkrs gSaA tc ijLij&fojksèkh laxBuksa esa 'kfDr'kkyh
oxks± dksμtSls fd tehankjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dks vius fgrksa ij vkap vkrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS rks os fdlkuksa vkSj dkexkjksa
osQ vkanksyuksa (Movements) dks lekt&fojksèkh xfrfofèk;ksa (Antisocial Activities) dh laKk nsdj iqfyl dh lgk;rk
ls muosQ neu dk ç;Ru djrs gSaA Hkkjr esaμ fo'ks"kr% fcgkj çkar esa ,slh ?kVukvksa osQ dbZ mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA
dbZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa detksj oxks± (weaker Sections) dks vius fgr lewg cukus ls grksRlkg fd;k tkrk gSA
vfèkdka'k ysfVu vejhdh ns'kksa esa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd vkSipkfjd lewgksa osQ fy, dkuwuh ekU;rk (Legal

Recognition) çkIr djuk vfuok;Z gksxkA dqN ns'kksa esa rks vkSipkfjd lewgksa dks ljdkj osQ fu;a=k.k esa gh j[kk tkrk
gSA eSfDldks dk lÙkk:<+ ny (baLVhV~;w'kuy fjoksY;w'kujh ikVhZ) vius&vkidks fdlkuksa] etnwjksa vkSj tulkèkkj.k dk
xBcaèku ekurk gSA vr% og bu lc {ks=kksa osQ vkSipkfjd lewgksa ij vius opZLo dk nkok djrk gSA

dHkh&dHkh fgr lewg brus 'kfDr'kkyh gks tkrs gSa fd ljdkj Hkh mUgsa :"V djus dk tksf[ke ugha mBk ldrh]
vU;Fkk ljdkj Lo;a vfLFkj gks tkrh gSA bZjku osQ 'kkg dk iyk;u (1979)] nf{k.k dksfj;k esa jk"Vªifr ikdZ dh
gR;k (1979)] vkSj feÏ esa jk"Vªifr lknkr dh gR;k (1981) ,slh fLFkfr;ksa osQ mnkgj.k çLrqr djrs gSaA

332 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY