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fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
okiBhfse ftnt;Ek okiBhfse xNbktK ns/ T[BQK Bkb ;zpzXs s~EK d/ u'D dk nkXko gq;s[s eodh j?. BØN
fJ; fdqPNhe'D dh T[sgsh Bkb fJj T[whd eh ikD b~rh fe s[bBkswe okiBhfse nfXn?b fInkdk P[~X
ns/ ftfrnkBe j'J/rk. fJ; gqeko, okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk wj~st s[bBkswe okiBhfse ftPb/PD ftu
tX iKdk j?.

okiBhfse ftnt;Ek fdqPNhe'D s[Bkskwe okiBhsh ftu BthA ntXkoDk T[s/ nkXkos fdqPNhe'D j?. v/ftv
fJ;NB dk ftuko j? fe okiBhfse ftUjko d/ ftP/ ftu nkB[Gfte (empirical) f;XKs dk fBowkD sK jh ;zGt
j? id ;wki ftu fBoD/ b?D ns/ T[BQK Bz{ bkr{ eoB ftu Pkwb gqsZy ns/ go'y gqGktK Bz{ fXnkB ftu BjhA
fbnkfJnk ikt/ pbfe nfXn?B dh wjZstg{oB ntXkoDktK ftu fJ; Bz{ Pkwb ehsk ikt/. fJ; ftu
e'Jh d' okJ/ BjhA jB fe okiBhfse dbK d/ fjs iK dpkt ;w{jK Pk;B ;zouBktK ns/ okiBhfse gqfeqnktK
dk nbr–nbr nfXn?B eoe/ ;zg{oB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ ftP/ ftu fJj ;kwkfBneoD dh ;fEsh se BjhA
b? ik ;edk j?. fJ;bJh, ;zg{ob okiBhfse ftnt;Ek jh ;zouBk Bzz{ ;wMD ftu T[g:'rh wzBh ikD brh. fJ;
;zdoG ftu fJj ikDBk io{oh j? fe okiBhfse ftnt;Ek fdqPNhe'D dh eh io{os j?<
nkX[fBe :[r ftu s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh io{os fJ; bJh tX rJh j? fe pdb/ j'J/ okiBhfse wkj"b ftu
s[bBkswe ftPb/PD dh g[okDh ntXkoDktK fBooEe ns/ nB[g:[es j' rJhnK jB. f;oc oki ;oeko
d/ nfXn?B Bkb jh okiBhfse ftUjko Bz{ BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftnt;Ek
fdqPNhe'D dh io{os nkX[fBe ftdtkBK d[nkok wfj;{; eh ikD brhnK. d[pkok f;oc ekBz{Bh ;z;Ekge
YKfunK T[s/ jh s[bBkswe nfXn?B nkXkos ;B. okiBhsh dh nokiBhfse PeshnK Bz{ Pkwb eoBk io{oh
j' frnk fi; Bkb okieh rshftXhnK ;zukfbs ns/ fBnzfsqs j[zdhnK jB. fJ; gqeko s[bBkswe okiBhsh
ftu nfijh ntXkoDk dh io{os nB[Gt ehsh ikD b~rh i' nkgD/ nfXn?B ftu okiBhfse nokiBhfse
s~sk Bz{ th Pkwb eoD.

6H1
6H1 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB
6H1
:{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB
:{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB
6H1
6H1
:{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB
:{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB
dk ftek; (
dk ftek; (
dk ftek; (
dk ftek; (
dk ftek; (Constitutional Development of UK, USA, Russia,
France, China and Switzerland)
fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe ftek; dh gqfeosh –
fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe ftek; dh gqfeosh –
fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe ftek; dh gqfeosh – fpqfNP ;zftXkB eqfwe ftek; dk Bshik j?. fJ; dhnK iVQK
fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe ftek; dh gqfeosh –
fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe ftek; dh gqfeosh –
g[okD/ fJfsjk; ftu iwhnK j'JhnK jB. T[vo' ftb;B B/ fJ; Bz{ jh ftnes eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe “fpqfNP
;zt?XkfBe fJfjsk; dh fJe gqw[Zy ftP/Psk fJj j? fe T[;dh okiBhfse ;z;EktK, T[;d/ ftek;eqw, i'
gqkuBhsw Pk;B gqDkbh d/ gfotosD se fJe jB, Bkb ;zpX jB.”
) J/Arb'–;?e;B :[r ^
) J/Arb'–;?e;B :[r ^ fJzrb?Av dk fJfsjk; e/bN (Celts), o'wB (Romans) ns/ ;?eB (Saxons)
) J/Arb'–;?e;B :[r ^
( ( ( ( (i) J/Arb'–;?e;B :[r ^) J/Arb'–;?e;B :[r ^
ikshnK d/ nkrwB d/ Bkb P[o{ j[zdk j?. Gkt/A fJBQK dk Pk;B gzithA Pskpdh d/ nkozG se fojk fco th
;zftXkB d/ ftek; ftu fJ;dk th j~E BjhA fojk. fJ;d/ pknd J/Arb'–;?e;B ;fGnsk dk nkozG j[zdk j?
fi;d/ Bshi/ ti'A toswkB nzr/qIh ;fGnsk ns/ T[;d/ ;zftXkB dh BhAj gJh. x~N s'A xZN d' ;z;EktK fJ;
:[r dh pj[s tZvhnK d/D jB ^ okizso ns/ ;tkfJ~s ns/ ;tkfJ~s Pk;B. J/Arb'–;?e;B ;tkfJ~s ;z;EktK
dh gqw[y d/D nzr/qiK Bz{ Pk;B dh ebk ftu gqthD pDkT[Dk ;h. pb?e;N'N (Blackstone) B/ ;zftXkB ftu
gqiksKsfoe s~sK dh uouk eod/ j'J/ fJBQK ;z;EktK Bz{ PoXKibh nofgs ehsh j? ns/ fejk j? fe “fJzrb?Av
dh ;[szsosk T[;dh ;[szso ;tkfJs ;z;EktK dh d/D jB. nkgD/ g{otiK, ;?e;BK, d/ ;w/A s'A jh nzr/qIK
B/ BkrfoeK d/ coiK ns/ fizw/tkohnK Bz{ f;fynk j?.”
) BkowB–J/AithB :[r –
) BkowB–J/AithB :[r – fpqfNP ;zftXkB d/ ftek; dk d{ik ns/ wj~stg{oB nfXnkfJ 1066 JhH
) BkowB–J/AithB :[r –
) BkowB–J/AithB :[r –
( ( ( ( (ii) BkowB–J/AithB :[r –
d/ BkwoiB fi~s s'A nkozG j[zdk j?. fJjh f;XKs dk T[drw–;Eb j?. fJ; :[r ftu ;wkfie ns/ gqPk;fBe
ftnt;Ek dk nfijk o{g fdZsk frnk fi;d/ co;o{g okik g{o/ d/P dk Pk;e pD frnk. e[b fwbk e/ BkowB
:[r ftu okiBhfse ftnt;Ek Bz{ ekch fdqV pDkfJnk frnk.
) rq/N e"Af;b ns/ feT[fonk o/fi; –
) rq/N e"Af;b ns/ feT[fonk o/fi; –
) rq/N e"Af;b ns/ feT[fonk o/fi;
( ( ( ( (iii) rq/N e"Af;b ns/ feT[fonk o/fi; – ) rq/N e"Af;b ns/ feT[fonk o/fi; – – okik dh Pesh fJzBh tX rJh fe Pk;B ezwK ftu pkjoh
;jkfJsk dh io{os j' rJh. Pk;B ;zukbB ns/ Bhsh–fBoXkoD ftu ;jkfJsk d/ bJh d' ;z;EktK dk iBw

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