Page 110 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
T[d'A s~e ;[uko{ Yzr Bkb ezw BjhA eo ;edh id'A s~e T[;d/ Bkb Bkb okiBhfse wkDeK ns/ w[~bK Bz{ BØN
nzrheko eoD dh gqfeqnk ezw ft~u Bk j't/.fit/A fe fJ~e iht (organism) d/ ;zpzX ft~u j[zdk j?, T[;/
soK oki fBekn (body politic) ft~u th nB[o~fynD ns/ nfsihftsk s'A fJbktk fe;/ j'o uhI dh
Io{os BjhA j[zdh.
• fit/A okpoNk ;kJhrb (Roberta Sigel) B/ fejk j?, “okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk T[d/P nfij/ ftneshnK
dk gqfPePD ns/ ftek; eoBk j? fi; Bkb Uj okiBhfse ;wki d/ uzr/ ekoiekoh w?Apo pD ;eDHHHH.
feUAfe fJ~e oki fBekn s'A fpBK i' ;zukfbs okiBhfse w[~bK ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bkb ;zs[bB ft~u
j?, ;[uko{ o{g Bkb ezw BjhA j' ;edk. ns/ nzfsw o{g ft~u nfsihftsk okiBhfse ;zrmB dk T[;/ gqeko
Nhuk j?, fit/A fJ~e iht dk.
• fJ; soK okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gfoGkPk T[; “gqfeqnk d/ o{g ft~u ehsh iKdh j?, fi; Bkb e'Jh
ftnesh okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bkb gfofus j[zdk j?, ns/ i' okiBhfse xNBktK d/ gqsh T[; dh gqshfeqnk
dk fBoXkoD eodk j?. fJ; d/ bJh Io{os fJ; r~b dh j? fe ftnesh T[Zs/ ;wki d/ ns/ ;wki T[Zs/
ftnesh d/ ;wkfie, nkofEe iK ;z;feqfse gfonktoD d/ gqGkt dk gohyD ehsk ikt/.
• fJ~e Btiks fPP{ iBwiks ;wkihfe iht BjhA j[zdk j?l gqfPePD g~Xsh Bkb jh T[; Bz{ ;wkfie
pDkfJnk iKdk j?. Bkb jh, fJ; gqeko dk “gqfPePD ;wki d/ wkDeK d/ pko/ ft~u T[g:[es frnkB
gqkgs eoD s~e ;hfws BjhA j?, pbfe fJ; d/ bJh fJ; r~b dh th T[whd j[zdh j? fe ftnesh UBK
wkDeK Bz{ fJ; soK nzrheko eo bt/ fe Uj T[; Bz{ ;jh, fBnKg{oD ns/ B?fse gqshs j'D.
• okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfofeqnk T[; ekb s'A nkozG j[adh j? id'A p~uk uko/ gk;/ d/ ftnkge tksktoD
d/ pko/ ft~u ;ir j[zdk j?. ftP/P ;fEshnK d/ gqsh nB[ehnk ft~u nfXe gqshnkfye (percepective)
nB[Gt eodk j? ns/ nkgD/ bJh fJ~e nfij/ fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; eo b?Adk j? i' nfXekfXe ;zrs ns/
;zg{oD j' iKdk j?, id'A fe fJ; s'A gfjbK fJj yzfvs ns/ ;hfws j[zdk j?.
• fJ; s'A gsk ubdk j? fe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk d/ nzsors ftnesh dk ;kok ihtB nk iKdk
j?. fJ; dh BhAj ftnesh d/ ihtB dhnK gqkofGe nt;EktK ft~u j[zdh j?, fe;/ Bt/A nB[GtK d/ ekoD
pknd dh nt;Ek ft~u fJ; dh nfX^;zouBk ft~u spdhbh (super-structure) nk ;edh j?.
• okiBhfse ;wkiheoD gqfeqnk d/ d' uoD jB^(1) ;iksh (homogeneous) iK ;ss fi;dk wsbp fJj
j? fe nkgDh okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqsh nkg;h ftPtk; d/ tksktoD ft~u ftnesh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb
;fj:'r eoD. ns/ (2) ftiksh (heterogeneous) iK n;s fi;dk noE j? fe ftnesh fJ~e d{i/ d/
gqsh nkg;h nftPtk;, P~e ns/ fxqDk dh GktBk o~yd/ jB fi; ekoD Uj nkgDh okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/
gqsh ftw[y ns/ T[dk;hB j' iKd/ jB.
• fJ; nt;Ek ft~u fJ; r~b t~b ;ze/s ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe ukj/ tk;st ft~u okiBhfse ;wkiheoD
d/ bJh okiBhfse ;EkfJ~st dh T[whd ehsh iKdh j?, fJ; Bz{ fe;/ th soK gfotosB fto'Xh ;zebgBk
BjhA ;wfMnk ikDk ukjhdk. fBPfus jhL fJ; Bz{ fJ~e soK fJ~e nB[dko ;zebgBk ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?
fe fJj nfij/ gfotosB dk ;zebg eodh j/, i' Bk eqKshekoh j? ns/ Bk jh s/I. fJ; ft~u fJ; ftP/ s/
pb fd~sk frnk j? fe id'A gfotosB j'Dk gqfeqsh dk fB:w j?, sK T[;Bz{ eqfwe ns/ PKshg{oD j'Dk
ukjhdk j?.
• okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfenk ekb ns/ T[; gfonktoD d/ nB[;ko nb~r nb~r j[zdh j?, fi;dk fJj
nzr j[zdh j? ns/ fi; ft~u fJ;dk :'rdkB j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ;dk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh ns/
gfotosB dh wksok ns/ ;[Gkn Bkb rfjok ;zpzX j?.
• ;otkfXekotkdh ;wki Uj j? i' ;wki d/ ;ko/ gfjb{nK T[Zs/ nkgDk fB:zsoD o~ydk j?, ns/ ;wkiheoD
s/ pbfe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD s/ ftP/P Yzr Bkb pb fdzdk j?.
• i/eo f;~X/^;kd/ PpdK ft~u fejk ikt/, sK fJ; dk noE fJj j? fe n;hA UBK ekoeK dk, ;zy/g ft~u,
nfXn?B eohJ/, i' okiBhfse wkDeK ns/ w[~bK Bz{ nzrheko eod/ jB fiBK Bz{ gfjbK d/ :[rK d/ b'e
Bkrfoe f;~fynk ft~u gkm, Bkrfoesk bJh gqf;~fynD, ;~sko{V b'eK d/ fttjko ns/ ;wkfie ns/
okiBhfse ;z;EktK dh G{fwek fejk eod/ ;B. fJ; soK, fJ; tke d/ :EkoE dk gsk brkUD bJh

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