Page 134 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
) g{oB gqiksKsfoe BjhA –
) g{oB gqiksKsfoe BjhA – shih nkb'uBK fJj j? fe gqfeqnk gfonkgs BjhA (Non & sufficiently
) g{oB gqiksKsfoe BjhA –
) g{oB gqiksKsfoe BjhA –
( ( ( ( (iii) g{oB gqiksKsfoe BjhA – BØN
Democratic) j?, feT[AFe gq;EkgBk iK nB[;woEB ftu iBsk Bz{ gqsZy o{g Bkb Gkr b?D dk nt;o jh BjhA
;hB/No bkc'b/N
;hB/No bkc'b/N
;hB/No bkc'b/N
fwbdk j?. ;hB/No bkc'b/N;hB/No bkc'b/N (Lafollete) B/ fJ; nkb'uBk Bz{ d{o eoB d/ bJh :'iBk dh. 21t/A ;zP'XB B{z fJ;/
T[d/P Bkb u[D/ rJ/ ;zw/bB d[nkok nB[;wofEs eok e/ iBsk Bz{ eohp–eohp gqsZy o{g Bkb Gkr b?D dk nt;o
fdZsk frnk gozs{ ftXh Bz{ fInkdk gq's;kjB BjhA fwfbnk j? fco th fJ; nkb'uBk d/ ;zpzX ftu fJj fejk ik
;edk j? fe d/P dh ftPkbsk dh gqsZy ohsh s'A gqshfBXhw{be ohs jh ;[ftXkiBe ns/ nbgftnkgh j?.
) x~NfrDsh d[nkok fBnzsoD L
) x~NfrDsh d[nkok fBnzsoD L
) x~NfrDsh d[nkok fBnzsoD L
( ( ( ( (iv) x~NfrDsh d[nkok fBnzsoD L nzfsw nb'uBk fJ; ;zpzX ftu fJj ehsh iKdh j? fe ;zP'XB T[s/
) x~NfrDsh d[nkok fBnzsoD L
x~NfrDshnK fBnzsoD ofjzdk j?. fJ;dh ftnkfynk d' soQK Bkb ehsh iKdh j? – (i) 37 oki fiBQK dh
iB;zfynk pkeh 13 okiK s'A pj[s x~N j' ;edh j?. ;zP'XB fbnk ;ed/ jB. i/ 37 x~N nkpkdh tkb/ okPNo
;zrms j' ikD sK 13 pj[frDsh okPNo T[BQK d/ ;Bw[y n;woE j' ikDr/, gozs{ ftT[jko ftu nfijk w"ek
ftob/ jh nk ;edk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN i/ 13 x~N nkpkdh tkb/ oki ;zrms j' ikD sK pkeh fInkdk nkpkdh
tkb/ oki ;zP'XB BjhA fbnk ;ed/ jB. fJ; gqeko d/P dh S'Nh fijh nkpkdh d/ fto[~X ;zP'XB fbnk ;edh
j? iK ;zP'XB B{z o'e ;edh j?.
;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB
;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB
;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB (Constitutional Amendment in
;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB
;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB
Switzerland)
;zt?XkfBe ftek; d/ bJh nB/e g~XshnK T[s/ fBoGo ehsk iKdk j?, fit/A – gqEktK, ohsh–fotki, gqPk;eh
nfXnkd/P, e'oN d/ fBoD ns/ ftfrnkB T[fd:'fre nB[;zXkB nkfd. fJBQK g~XshnK s'A th ;gPN ns/
gqsZy g~Xsh ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB jB fJ;dh ifNbsk ns/ ;zftXkB dh gqfsPmk dk fynkb oyd/ j'J/ fJ;
gZXsh dk xZN gq:'r j[zdk j?L go ;ftNIob?Av ftu j'o ftXhnK d/ T[bN ;zftXkfBe gfotosD fbnkT[D
d/ bJh ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dh gZXsh T[s/ jh fInkdk fBoGo ehsk frnk j?. ;ftNiob?Av ftu f;oc 77
;kbK ftu (1874^1975 JhH) 50 ;zP'XB ehs/ rJ/, idfe nw/foek ftu 170 ;kbK ftu (1789 JhH s'A n~i
se) f;oc 26 ;zP'XB ehs/ rJ/.
;ft; ;zftXkB ftu ;zP'XB dh i' gqfeqnk fBoXkfos ehsh rJh j? T[;d/ d' gqeko jB–
;zP'XB g~XshnK
;zP'XB g~XshnK
;zP'XB g~XshnK (1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj (Constitutional Referendum)
;zP'XB g~XshnK
;zP'XB g~XshnK
(2) ;zt?XkfBe nkozGD (Constitutional Initiative)
fJBQK d'tK g~XshnK d[nkok ;zftXkB d/ nKfPe iK g{oB ;zP'XB (Partial or Total Revision) j' ;ed/ jB.
(1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj (
(1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj (
(1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj (
(1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj (Constitutional Referendum) L^) L^ L^ fJ;dh d' PosK jB.
) L^
)
) L^
(1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj (
e) id d't/A ;dB ;fjws j'D L
e) id d't/A ;dB ;fjws j'D L
e) id d't/A ;dB ;fjws j'D
( ( ( ( (e) id d't/A ;dB ;fjws j'D Le) id d't/A ;dB ;fjws j'D L L ;zftXkB ftu ;zP'XB bJh fJj io{oh j? fe ;zxh ftXkBwzvb
d/ d't/A ;dB oki ;Gk ns/ okPNoh gfoPd ;z:[es o{g ftu ;zftXkB ftu g{oB nKfPe ;zP'XB dk fBPu/
eoD ns/ sdB[o{g ;zP'XB dk gq;skt eoD. pknd ftu T[; ;zP'XB dk ;ot;kXkoD ns/ e?ANBK d/ iBws–
;zrqfj (Referendum) d/ bJh gq;s[s ehsk iKdk j?. fJj ;ot;kXkoD ns/ e?ANB T[;Bz{ pj[ws Bkb
;theko eo b?D sK ;zP'XB ;thfeqs ;wfMnk iKdk j? fJ; gq;zr ftu e?ANB dk fJe jo noX e?AN dk n~Xk
ws wzfBnk ikt/rk.
(y) id fJe ;dB ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik fto'X eoD L^
(y) id fJe ;dB ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik fto'X eoD L^
(y) id fJe ;dB ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik fto'X eoD L^
(y) id fJe ;dB ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik fto'X eoD L^ gozs{, i/ ;zxh ftXkBwzvb dk fJe jh
(y) id fJe ;dB ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik fto'X eoD L^
;dB gq;skfte ;zP'XB d/ bJh ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik ;dB T[es ;zP'XB dk fto'X eodk j't/, sK–
(i) ;G s'A gfbK ;ot;kXkoD iBws ;zrqfj d[nkok fJj fBoDk ehsk ikJ/rk fe ;zP'XB dh io{os j? iK BjhA.
(ii) ;ot;kXkoD dh ;thfeqsh fwb ikD T[s/ ;zxh ftXkB wzvb dk w[V fBotkuB j[zdk j?.
(iii) fJ;d/ pknd ftXkBwzvb d/ fBotkfus ;dB gq;skfts ;zP'XB T[s/ ftuko eod/ jB.
(iv) i/eo d'tK T[es ;zP'XB B{z ;theko eo b?Ad/ jB i' gq;skfts ;zP'XB ;ot;kXkoD ns/ e?ANBK d/ bJh
gq;s[s ehsk iKdk j?.
(v) i/eo ;ot;kXkoD ns/ e?ANB d't/A pj[ws Bkb ;zftXkB B{z ;thfeqs eo b?Ad/ jB sK T[es ;zP'XB
feqnkekoh j' iKdk j?.

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

129