Page 131 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN gqDkbhnK nkfd Bkb ftG{fPs ehsk. fJBQK Bz{ ;zftXkB ftu fbghpZX BjhA ehsk frnk, gozs{ gqEk ns/
n'r ns/ o/o/ o/o/ o/ B/ fJ; bJh fejk j? fe
n'r
n'r
gozgok d/ o{g ftu ;zftXkB d/ ftjkoe ns/ nfGzB nzr pD rJ/. n'rn'r
“tostwkB ;zftXkB f;oc gqb/yhB nB[ZS/ BjhA jB pbfe ;kohnK ftnkfynktK, fBoD/, nfGnk; ns/
gqDkbhnK i' w"fbe nB[S/dK ns/ XkoktK d/ nk;/–gk;/ ftef;s j'J/ jB fJ;dk ;zebB j?, fiBQK Bz{ x~N s'A
x~N fJe jIko gzfBnK ftu Skfgnk frnk j?.”
w[Bo'
w[Bo'
w[Bo' B/ fejk j? – fJj ;zftXkB 1787 dh fwbh fuzBQ oyd/ j'J/ th Bk r[io/
;zftXkfBe tkD/ d/ gq;zr ftu w[Bo'w[Bo'
j'J/ ;kbK ftu fBozso gfotofss, ftef;s, ft;fsqs ns/ Bth gfo;fEshnK d/ nB[e{b j[zdk fojk j?.”
pqkJh;
pqkJh;
pqkJh; d/ PpdK ftu “nwoheh ;zftXkB T[ABk jh pdfbnk j? fizBk fe okPNo pdb j? ns/ fiZE/ se b'eK
pqkJh;
pqkJh;
d/ ftuko fJ; ;zftXkB d/ pko/ ftu pdb/ jB T[ZE/ se fJ; ;zftXkB dh nkswk ns/ noE ftu gfotosB
j'fJnk j?.”
;zftXkB d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB
;zftXkB d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB
;zftXkB d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB
;zftXkB d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB
;zftXkB d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB
;z:[es oki nw/foek d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; ftfGzB ohshnK s'A j'fJnk j? fiBQK ftu j/m fbyhnK gqw[Zy jBL^
(e) ;zftXkB d[nkok ftek; (Development by Statuts).
(y) gqPk;eh fBofDnK d[nkok ftek; (Development by Adomostratoves Descosopms)
(r) fBnkfJe ftnkfynktK d[nkok ftek; (Development by Judicial Interpretations)
(x) okiBhfse ns/ Bkrfoe ftnkfynktK d[nkok ftek; (Development by Interpretation by Politi-
cians and Citizens)
(C) gqEktK ns/ gozoktK d[nkok ftek; (Development by Usages an Conventions)
(u) ;zP'XB d[nkok ftek; (Development Amendment)
)L^
eK;ftXh (
eK;ftXh (
eK;ftXh ( )L^
)L^
eK;ftXh (
eK;ftXh (Statute)L^)L^ ;zftXkB–fBowksk fJ; soQK Bkb ntrs ;B fe GftZy B{z G{s dh eVh ftu
pzfBQnk ik ;edk j?. T[BQK B/ f;oc Pk;B dk YKuk fsnko ehsk ns/ nkXkog{s f;XKsK dk gqfsgkdB ehsk.
Pk;B ;zpzXh ft;sko dh rZbK dk g{ok eoB dk Gko T[BQK B/ Gkth iB–gqshfBXhnk T[s/ S~v fdZsk. T[;dk
ftuko ;h fe eKro; ;zftXkB dh x~N s'A x~N ewhnK Bz{ g{ok eo/rh ns/ Pk;B dk g{oB YKuk fsnko eo/
rh. eKro; B/ fJ; ezw B{z ;cbskg{ote ehsk.
T[dkjoDkoE L
T[dkjoDkoE L
T[dkjoDkoE L (i) ;zP'XB ftu f;oc ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk dh ;EkgBk dk T[b/y j? ns/ T[BQK dh ouBk
T[dkjoDkoE L
T[dkjoDkoE L
ns/ nXhB;E fBnKfbnktK dh ;EkgBk ns/ ;zrmB dk Gko eKro; T[s/ SZv fdZsk j?. eKro; B/ 1789
JhH ftu fBnKgkfbek nfXfBnw (Judiciary Act of 1789) d/ d[nkok fBnK–ftnt;Ek dh BhAj oZyh.
(ii) ;zxh ftXkfJek d/ pko/ ftu ;zftXkB f;oc eKro; d/ d' eEBK dh uouk eodk j?, gozs{ w?Apo dh
fBotkuB ftXh, fBotkuB dk ;wK, ;EkB, ;theko dh PeshnK nkfd Bz{ pknd ftu ftXhnK d[nkok
fBPfus ehsk frnk j?.
(y) gqPk;eh fBoD/ L^
(y) gqPk;eh fBoD/ L^
(y) gqPk;eh fBoD/ L^
(y) gqPk;eh fBoD/ L^
(y) gqPk;eh fBoD/ L^ ftXkfJek dh soQK ekoigkfbek dk th nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ ftek; ftu g{ok jZE
fojk j?. okPNogshnK dh okikfrnktK, nkfrnktK ns/ j'o ekotkjhnK B/ ;zftXkB ftu tkXk ehsk j?.
i?e;B, fbzeB, o{it/bN
i?e;B, fbzeB, o{it/bN nkfd okPNogshnK dk ;zftXkb T[s/ ;gPN Skg j?. T[dkoD bJh, ;zftXkB
i?e;B, fbzeB, o{it/bN
i?e;B, fbzeB, o{it/bN
i?e;B, fbzeB, o{it/bN
ftu wzsoh wzvb dh ftnt;Ek BjhA j?, gozs{ okPNogsh tKfPzrNB B/ wzsohwzvb d[nkok ;bkj ns/ Pk;B–
;zukbB dh ns/ nkozG dh i' j[D ;zftXkB dk nfGzB nzr pD frnk j?. fJ; gqeko Gkt/A :[~X–x'PDk dk
nfXeko eKro; B{z j?, gozs{ okPNogsh B/ fJ;Bz{ ngqsZy sohe/ Bkb nkgD/ j~E ftu fb~sk j?.
(r) fBnKfJe ftnkfynktK L^ ;zt?XkfBe ftXh dh ;G s'A fInkdk wj~stg{oB ;kXBk fBnKfJe
(r) fBnKfJe ftnkfynktK L^
(r) fBnKfJe ftnkfynktK L^
(r) fBnKfJe ftnkfynktK L^
(r) fBnKfJe ftnkfynktK L^
fBotkuB j?. eKro; iK oki ftXkfJektK e'Jh ftXh pDkT[Adh j?, okPNogsh iK okieh gqPk;B nfXekoh
e'Jh ezw eod/ jB. T[BQK ftXhnK ns/ ezw nkfd Bz{ i/ e'Jh n;zt?XkfBe ;wMdk j? sK fBnKfbnk d/ ;wM
T[BQK Bz{ T[BQK dh t?XkfBesk d/ gohyD bJh g/P eodk j?. fBnKfbnk fBoD/ fdzd/ ;w/A ;zftXkB Bkb ;zpzXs
Xkok dk noE brkT[Ad/ jB i' T[BQK Bz{ ;zftXkB B{z g{ot s'A gfonkgs fGzB noE d/D dk ;[nt;o gqdkB
eodk j?. fJ; gqeko ;zftXkB Bzz{ BthA fdPk fwbdh j?. fe;h tkeKP dk ftt/uB eod/ ;w/A fBnKfbnk T[BQK

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