Page 127 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN iBgd (Autonomous District) ns/ d' ;zxh Bro (Federal Cities) – wk;e' ns/ ;?AN ghNo;por Pkwb
jB. fJ; soQK o{;h ;zx e[b fwbk e/ 89 gqPk;fBe fJekJhnK (Administrative Units) Bkb pfDnk j?.
w[yh dh gqDkbh
;z;dh gqDkbh
;z;dh gqDkbh
w[yh dh gqDkbh
;z;dh gqDkbh
Pk;B gqDkbh d/ g~Xo T[s/ fJE/ w[yh dh gqDkbhw[yh dh gqDkbh (Presidential System) ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh;z;dh gqDkbh
w[yh dh gqDkbh
dk fwPoD
dk fwPoD
dk fwPoD
(Parliamentary System) dk fwPoDdk fwPoD fsnko eoB dk isB ehsk frnk j?. w[yh gqDkbh dh soQK fJE/
fJe PeshPkbh okPNogsh okPNogsh
okPNogsh
okPNogsh (President) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?, ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh dh soQK fJZE/
okPNogsh
fJe PeshPkbh ;z;d;z;d (Parliament) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fi;Bz{ ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly)
;zxh ;Gk
;zxh ;Gk
;zxh ;Gk
;z;d
;z;d
;z;d
fejk iKdk j?. okPNogsh oki dk w[yh (Head of State) i' f;~X/ iB–;kXkoD d/ d[nkok uko ;kb d/ bJh
u[fDnk iKdk j?l T[; Bz{ brksko d' tko s'A n~r/ BjhA u[fDnk ik ;edk. fJj ;zftXkB dk ;ozfyne j?, ns/
;P;sq ;?BktK Bz{ ;otT[Zu ;?Bkgsh (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) th j?. T[j
gqXkBwzsoh (Prime Minister) ns/ wzsoh gfoPd (Councial of Ministers) ns/ wzsoh wzvb (Cabinet)
dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;z;d (Parliament) dk nB[w'dB io{oh j[zdk j?. okPNogsh fJe nzsozr wzsoh wzvb
(Kitchen Cabinet) dh ;bkj Bkb ezw eodk j? fi; ftu ftPt;s fwZso ns/ T[ZukfXekoh Pkwb j[zd/
jB. wzsohwzvb Bz{ ;~sk ftu joB/ d/ bJh ;z;d dk ftPtk; gqkgs j'Dk ukjhdk.
okPNogsh nkfrnkgshnK (Decress) ikoh eo ;edk j? i' ekBz{B dh soQkK wkBsk tkbhnK j[zdhnK jB.
gozs{ fJj nkfrnkgshnK gqufbs ekB{zB dh soQK wkBsk gqkgs j'DrhnK. fco ;z;d fJBQK B{z fBo;s th
eo ;edh j?. d{ih soc, okPNogsh th ;z;d d[nkok gkfos ftX/ne (Bill) B{z ekBz{B pDB s'A o'e ;edk
j?. T[j ;z;d noEks ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) d/ gqsh nkgD/ ;kbkBk nfGGkPD (Annual
Address) d/ nzsors ;oeko dh okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe Bhsh dk fBo{gD eo ;edk j?. d/P dh oZfynk
(Defence) dk dkfJst ;zGkbD d/ bJh okPNogsh ;[o~fynk gfoPd (Security Council) fB:[es eodk
j?. fi;dk w[yh T[j nkg jz[dk j?. T[j e/Adoh p?Ae (Central Bank) d/ w[yh (Chairperson), wjk–
nfG:'ie (Prosecutor General) ns/ fBnKgkfek (Judiciary) d/ gqw[Zy w?ApoK dh fB:[esh dk gq;skt
;z;d d/ e'b G/idk j?. iBtoh, 1994 d/ pknd ;[oZfynk ;/tktK, rqfj wzsokfbnk ns/ ftd/P wzsokfbnk
f;~X/ okPNogsh d/ nXhB eo fdZs/ rJ/ jB. okPNogsh–gd dk T[whdtko xZN s'A xZN d; bZy wsdksktK
d/ d[nkok wB'Bhs j'Dk ukjhdkl fJBQK fe;/ fJe nzub (Region) iK rDoki (Republic) wsdksktK dh
;zfynk e[b ;zfynk dh 7# s'A fInkdk BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh.
;zxh ;Gk
;zxh ;Gk
o{; ftu ftXkfJek (Legislature) d/ feqs ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) dk ;"Ag/ rJ/ jB. fJ; ftu
;zxh ;Gk
;N/N fvT{wk
d' ;dB (Chambers) oy/ rJ/ jB. nt;o (Lower House) Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wk;N/N fvT{wk fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu
;N/N fvT{wk
;N/N fvT{wk
;zxh gfoPd (Federal
450 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. T[Zuso ;dB (Upper House) B{z ;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd
;zxh gfoPd
;zxh gfoPd
Council) fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu 178 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? ;N/N fvT{wk d/ 225 w?Apo f;~X/
fJew?Apoh y/soK (Single-Member Constituencies) s'A uko ;kb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ; u'D ftu
pj[wsgqDkbh (Plurality System) ngDkJh iKdh j? – noEks ‘i' ;G s'A nZr/, fiZs T[;dh’ (First pas
the post). pkeh 225 w?Apo okPNoh db ;{uhnK (National Party Lists) d/ d' t'N j[zd/ jBL fJe ;EkJh
fBotkuB y/so d/ bJhl d{ik okPNoh db ;{uh d/ bJh. ;N/N fvT{wk d/ T[whdtko dh x~N s'A x~N 21 ;kb
j'Dh ukjhdh. id e'Jh T[whdtko u[D fbnk iKdk j?, sd T[j e'Jh sBykj tkbk ezw (Paid Job) ;theko
BjhA eo ;edkl Bk T[j fe;/ ;oekoh gd (Overnment Post) T[s/ ofj ;edk j?.
pj[ws gqDkbh (Plurality System)L )L)L )L T[j fBotkuB–gqDkbh fi;d/ nzsor fJew?Apoh fBotkuB y/so
pj[ws gqDkbh (
pj[ws gqDkbh (
pj[ws gqDkbh ( )L
pj[ws gqDkbh (
ftu fi; T[whdtko B{z ;G s'A fInkdk t'N fwbd/ jB, T[;Bz{ fiZfsnk j'fJnk wzB fbnk iKdk j?.
nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (
nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (
nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (Proportonal Representation) L nfijh u'D gqDkbh fi; ftu wsdksk fJe
nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (
nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (
) L
) L
) L
) L
s'A finkdk T[whdtkoK B{z nkgDh–nkgDh g;zd d/ eqw ftu oy ;ed/ jB. sKfe pj[sws (Majority) d/ Bkb–
Bkb nbgws (Minority) B{z th T[fus gqshfBXhst fdsk ik ;e/. fJj fJe ifNb gqDkbh j?. fJ;d/ bJ eJh
sohe/ ngDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB i' gq;skfts u'D d/ fBnwK d/ nzsors fBofdPN eo fdZs/ iKd/ jB.
;zxh gfoPd d/ nzsors o{;h ;zx dh 89 gqPk;fBe fJekJhnK ftu'A jo/e d/ d'–d' gqshfBXh Pkwb j[zd/ jB
fi; Bkb fJ; gfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 178 j' iKdh j?. fe;/ th rDoki iK nzub d/ gqshfBXh T[ZE/
dh ekoigkfbek (Executive) ns/ ftXkfJek d/ w[yh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.
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