Page 129 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI
P. 129
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN dh g[PNh io{oh j?. fJ; fBnKfbnk Bz{ fJj fBoD/ d/D dk nfXeko j? fe okPNogsh, ;z;d ns/ ;oeko
dh e'Jh ekotkjh ;zftXkB ;zws j? iK BjhA<
fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD (
fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD (Judicial Review)L fbfys ;zftXkB d/ nzsors fe fJj Pesh fe T[j fe;/
)L
)L
fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD ( )L
)L
fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD (
fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD (
fBnw, ekBz{B, gqPk;fBe nkd/P iK ekotkjh B{z ;zftXkB dh ftnt;EktK iK fBfjs f;XKsK dh fdqPNh Bkb
goy eo e/ T[; B{z ;zftXkB iK T[;dh w{b u/sBk (spirit) d/ fto[~X x'fPs eo ;edk j? fi; Bkb T[j o~d
j' iKdh j?.
1993 d/ ;zftXkB d/ nzsors o{; dh e/Adoh ;oeko Bz{ fco s'A ft;fsqs PeshnK d/D dk isB ehsk frnk
j?, gozs{ o{;h ;zx d/ 21 rDokiK ns/ 68 nzubK, gqKsK ns/ iBgdK B{z th ;wkBsk d/ nkXko T[s/ gfonkgs
;Zsk gqdkB ehsh rJh j?. eokXkB, o~fynk, ftd/Ph wkwb/ ns/ ;wkfie–nkofEe Bhsh Bkb i[V/ ftP/ e/
Adoh–noEks ;zxh ;oeko d/ bJh ;[oZfyns oy/ rJ/ jB. gozs{ f;fynk, ;tk;E, ;wkfie ;[o~fynk,
;z;feqsh ns/ G{wh d/ T[g:'r Bkb i[V/ ftP/ e/Ado ns/ ;EkBe Pk;B d/ ;z:[es gqpzX d/ nzsors oy/ rJ/
jB. rDokiK d/ nkgD/–nkgD/ ;zftXkB jBl T[BK dh nkgDh–nkgDh fBotkfus ;oekoK jB, ns/ T[j
nkgDk–nkgDk piN pDkT[Ad/ jB. T[j nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;[XkoK dh rsh ns/ fdPk fBoXkfos eoB
ftu gqGktPkbh G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jBl G{wh dk ;wkwhst w[Zy s"o s/ fJBQK d/ fBnzsoD ftu nkT[Adk j?.
ns/ oki d/ efbnkDekoh g'qrokwK dk 80# you fJBQK d/ fjZ;/ ftu nkT[Adk j?.
fJj rZb wjZstg{oB j? fe o{; dk ;zzftXkB nkgD/ BkrfoeK Bz{ p[fBnkdh wkBt–nfXeko ns/ ;[szsosktK
gqdkB eodk j?. fJBQK ftu xo (Housing), fBP[be fufes;k (Free Healthcare), f;fynk (Education)
sn/ e[M jkbsK ftu ekBz{Bh ;jkfJsk (Leagal Assistance) dk nfXeko Pkwb j?.
okiBhsh dbK dh ;fEsh (
okiBhsh dbK dh ;fEsh (Status of Political Parties)L)L )L)L )L o{;h ;zx d/ fBowkD s'A gfjbK ;'thns
okiBhsh dbK dh ;fEsh (
okiBhsh dbK dh ;fEsh (
okiBhsh dbK dh ;fEsh (
;wkitkdh rDoki ;zx fJe ;kfwntkdh d/P ;h fiZE/ ;kwtkdh db (Communist Party) dk fJekfXeko
gqubs ;h. 1990 d/ dPe d/ nkozG s'A jh T[E/ okiBhfse pj[btkd (Political Pluralism) Bz{ ;fjB eoB
dh P[o{nks j'Jh. sd s'A T[E/ nB/e okiBhse db T[Go e/ ;kwQD/ nkJ/, jkbKfe T[BQK ftu pj[s jh x~N
db ikDdko iK fNekT{ f;~X j'J/. db d/ pzXB iK db d/ gqsh fBPmk Bz{ T[E/ pj[s wj~st fdZsk iKdk j?,
pj[s ;ko/ okiBhfse ;tkXhB iK fBodbhJ/ (Independent) T[whdtkoK d/ o{g ftu u[D/ iKd/ jB. T[j
;EkBe ;woEB d/ nkXko T[s/ nr/ nkT[Ad/ jB, ;z;d d/ nzdo nt;otkdh rmpzXB pDk b?Ad/ jB. fe;/
T[whdtko Bz{ okiBhfse db dh soc'A ;z;dh u'D bVD d/ bJh x~N s'A x~N 2,00,000 j;skyo gqkgs eoB/
g?Ad/ jB.
)L
)L
)L
okiBhfse pj[btkd (
okiBhfse pj[btkd (
okiBhfse pj[btkd (
okiBhfse pj[btkd (
okiBhfse pj[btkd (Political Pluralism)L )L T[j f;XKs fi;d/ nzsors iB;kXkoD Bz{ nB/e
ftukoXkoktK, BhshnK, g'qrokwK ns/ B/sktK ftu'A nkgDh–nkgDh g;zd dk ftebg u[DB dk nt;o ns/
;[szsosk fdZsh iKdh j?.
d;zpo, 1995 d/ ;z;dh u'DK d/ ;w/A eohp 250 okiBhsh db nkgDk gziheoD (Registeration) eok u[e/
;h. fJBQK ftu'A f;oc 43 dbK B/ u'DK ftu fj~;k fbnk, ns/ e/tb 23 dbK B/ e[M ;EkB fi~s/.fJBQK ftu'A
th e[M ftP/P dbK dk gqGkt fojk. ;N/N fvT{wk d/ 373 ;EkBK s/ ftfGzB dbK d/ fjZ;/ ftu nkJ/ feT[Afe
fJBQK Bz{ fBodbhJ/ T[whdtko BjhA fi~s gkJ/. fJBQK ftu 90# ;EkB nb~r–nb~r dbK d/ fjZ;/ nkJ/. o{;h
;zx ;kwtkdh db (Communist Party of the Russian Federation)l o{; dk T[dko–b'eszsoh db
(Liberal-Democratic Party of Russia)l :kpb'e'l ‘o{; ;kvk xo j?’ (Our Home is Russia)l ns/
o{; dk feqPh–gqXkB db (Agrarian Party of Russia). i[bkJh 1996 se okPNo ftnkgh okiBhfse dbK
ftu ekBz{Bh s"o T[s/ gzikfeqs dbK dh ;zfynk fro e/ 86 ofj rJh. ftukoXkokswe fdqPNh Bkb o{; d/
okiBhfse dbK B{z w'N/ s"o T[s/ fszB ;zs[fbs Pq/DhnK ftu oy ;ed/ jKL o{Vhtkdh g{ot–;kfwntkdh
(Conservative Ex–Communit)l T[se d~yDgzEh okPNotkdh ns/ b'etkdh (Redical Righwing
National and Populist)l ns/ T[dkotkdh wZfXn wkorh (Liberal and Centrist) db i' pkiko–
ftnt;Ek ns/ pj[btkd dk ;woEe j?. fJBQK ftu o{Vhtkdh g{ot–;kfwntkdh w[~y s"o s/ o{;h ;zx d/
;kfwn db Bkb i[V/ jB fi; Bz{, nes{po 1993 ftu fco s'A ekBz{Bh s"o T[s/ wkBsk fwb rJh ;h. fJj
db ;'thns ;zx d/ ;kfwntkdh db (Communit Party of the Soview Union: CPSU) dk nbg;zP'fXs
124 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY