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fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
T[ZsokfXekoh j? i' fe noE ftnt;Ek T[s/ oki d/ fBnzsoD dk ;woEB eodk j?. fJBQK d/ nbktk, ‘o{; BØN
dh fJ;sqhnK’ (Woman of Russia) nfijk db j? i' o{;h fJ;sqhnK ftu c?bh j'Jh p/o'irkoh dh ;w~f;nk
ns/ T[BQ d/ gqsh j'D tkb/ d[oftT[jko T[s/ fXnkB e/Afdqs eodk j?.
;t^w[bKeD
;t^w[bKeD
;t^w[bKeD
;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)
;t^w[bKeD
;jh ftebg u[D' (
;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the Correct Option) )) ) )
;jh ftebg u[D' (
;jh ftebg u[D' (
;jh ftebg u[D' (
1H w?rBkekoN fi; Bz{ wzr okigZso (The Great Charter) efjzd/ jB B{z wzi{oh fdZsh–
(e) j/Boh d{ik (y) fouov gqEw
(r) ikB (x) NT[vo
2H fpqfNP ;z;d PeshPkbh j' rJh ;h–
(e) gzdoQthA ;dh ftu (y) u"dQthA ;dh ftu
(r) ;'bQthA ;dh ftu (x) pkoQthA ;dh ftu
3H fpqN/B ftu fi; Bz{ ‘;G s'A p[ZXhwkB p/te{c’ fejk frnk j?. 1603 JhH ftu r~dh T[s/ p?mk, T[j e"D
j?<
(e) fouov gfjbk (y) i/w; gfjbk
(r) j/Boh d{ik (x) ikB
4H rq/N fpqN/B ns/ nwoheh T[gfBt/PK d/ ftu :[ZX ufbnk–
(e) 10 ;kb se (y) 8 ;kbK se
(r) 6 ;kbK se (x) 5 ;kbK se
5H toswkB ftu ;ftNiob?Av dk ;zftXkB i' gqGkth jB ed' bkr{ j'fJnk–
(e) 29 wJh 1874 (y) 29 wJh 1875
(r) 29 wJh 1878 (x) 29 wJh 1880

6H2
:{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk
6H2 :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk
:{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk
6H2
:{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk
6H2
6H2 :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk
(Amendment Process in Constitution of USA and Switzerland)
)L^
;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB dk noE (Meaning of Constitutional Amendment)L^)L^ ;zftXkB ftek;Phb
;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB dk noE (
;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB dk noE ( )L^
)L^
;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB dk noE (
;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB dk noE (
j[zd/ jB. fJ;h gq;zr ftu j/Bdh w/B (Henry Maine) B/ fejk ;h fe ;zftXkB fBofws BjhA nfgs{
ftef;s j[zd/ jB. T[; T[esh ftu ;~u dh wksqk i' th j't/ fJzBk sK ;ot wkBsk tkbk j? jh fe e'Jh th
;zftXkB nkgD/ nzfsw, o{g B{z gqkgs BjhA eo gkfJnk j? ns/ ftek; d/ :'r j?. bkov pqkrjw B/ fejk ;hL
“i/ ;zftXkB dk e'Jh w[Zb j? sK T[BQK Bz{ ftef;s j'Dk ukjhdk, T[BQK dhnK iVQK th j[zdhnK jB, T[j ged/
jB, fdqV jz[d/ jB.” noE fJj j? fe wkBt ;wki ftek;Phb j?, ;w/A d/ Bkb jh wB[Zy dh io{osK ns/
gfo;fEshnK pdbdhnK ofjzdhnK jB. feT[Afe T[Zsw ;zftXkB dk fJj r[D j? fe T[j ;w/A dh wzr Bz{
ftb;B
gfobyfPs eo/, ;' io{osK ftu gfotosD d/ Bkb ;zftXkB ftu nB[e{b gfotosD io{oh j?. ftb;Bftb;B d/
ftb;B
ftb;B
PpdK ftu “;zftXkB Bz{ fBPfus o{g Bkb ihtB gq/oe j'Dk ukjhdkl fJ;d/ s~s jB okPNoh ftuko ns/
;[Gkn. ;' okPNoh ihtB ftu gfotosD d/ Bkb fJ;dk ftek; io{oh j?.
nwfoek ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB
nwfoek ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB
nwfoek ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB (Constitutional Amendment in U.S.A.)
nwfoek ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB
nwfoek ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB
;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dhnK ohshnK (
;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dhnK ohshnK ( )L
;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dhnK ohshnK (Procedures of Constitutional Amendment)L )L)L )L tk;sfte
;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dhnK ohshnK (
;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dhnK ohshnK (
;zftXkB fJe gqb/y s'A fInkdk, nkX[fBe fbfys ;zftXkB ftu nwoheh ;zftXkB ;G s'A fInkdk g[okDk
;zftXkB j?. fJ;dk fBowkD brGr d' ;" ;kb gfjbk j'fJnk ;h gozs{ nZi th i/ w/vh;B ns/ j?fwbNB
Xosh s/ nkT[D sK fJ; Bz{ gSkBD ftu T[BQK Bz{ th efmBkJh j't/rh. nZi dk ;zftXkB f;oc 1787 JhH
dk fbys gqb/y BjhA j?, fJj sK YKukwkso j?, rrBu[zph nNfbek dk nkXko wkso j?. ;w/A ns/ gfo;fEsh
dh wzr d/ nB[;ko fJ; ftu ;zP'XB j'J/, ftXh t/sk, gqekPeh nkXko, ftXkfJBh ;z;EktK, BkrfoeK ns/
okiBhfse dbK B/ fJ;dh ftnkfynk ehsh. ;zftXkB d/ PpdK B{z T[BQK B/ ftfGzB noE, f;XKs, fBnw,

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