Page 300 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db
ftu fJj db dk ftXkBwzvb j?. ;z;dh db fJ;d/ nXhB;E jB db dh ekoiekoDh ;whsh ns/ ;z;dh BØN
db ;zw/bB d/ ;Bw[y nkgDh ;kbkBk fog'oN gq;s[s eod/ jB, fiBQK T[s/ ;zw/bB ftuko–tNKdok eodk
j?. db dh fJe ekoiekoDh ;whsh (National Executive Committee) j[zdh j? i' dbhJ/ ;zw/bB d/
fBnzsoD ns/ fBod/PD ftu db dk gqPk;B eodh j?. jopoN w'oh;B fJj ;whsh dh ;/ftek j? gozs{
;zw/bB dh nrtkJh eoBh ns/ T[;Bz{ fe; fdPk ftu ubDk ukjhdk j?, T[; fdPk ftu T[;Bz{ ;bkj d/Dk
;whsh dk coI j?.” ;kXkoD s"o s/ ;zw/bB d[nkok ekoiekoDh ;whsh d/ fBowkD ns/ gq;sktK dk
nB[w'dB j[zdk fojk j?. ;whsh d/ e[b 28 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. jo wjhB/ fJ;dh x~N s'A x~N fJe p?me j[zdh
j? ;whsh nkgD/ ekoiK Bz{ gzi T[g;whshnK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb eodh j? i' nbr–nbr ftfPnK Bkb
;zpzfXs j?. fit/A ;zrmB, nzsookPNoh ;zpzX, okPNowzvb, Bhsh ns/ gquko, ns/ ft~s s/ nkw T[d/P.
fJ;d/ nbktk fJe j'o T[g;whsh dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j? fi; Bz{ fBotkuB ;zpzX T[g;whsh efjzd/
jB.
t/b;, ;ekNb?AN ns/
t/b;, ;ekNb?AN ns/
gqKse ;zrmB d/ j/s{ fJzrb?Av Bz{ 9 y/soK ftu tzfvnk frnk j?. jo fJe y/so ns/ t/b;, ;ekNb?AN ns/t/b;, ;ekNb?AN ns/
t/b;, ;ekNb?AN ns/
T[Zsoh nkfJob?Av
T[Zsoh nkfJob?Av
T[Zsoh nkfJob?Av
T[Zsoh nkfJob?Av d/ bJh fJe–fJe y/soh gfoPd dk ;zrmB ehsk frnk j?. gqKsK d/ nzsors ;ko/
T[Zsoh nkfJob?Av
y/soh ;zrmB ns/ db d/ ;zxksfos w?Apo fJ;d/ w?Apo jz[d/ jB. fJ;dh p?me ;kb ftu fJe tko j[zdh j?.
fJj fJ; p?me ftu nkgDh ekoiekoDh ;whsh dk fBotkuB eodh j?. y/soh gfoPd fBotkuB–y/soK ns/
(Borough) ftu db dh PkyktK dh fBrokBh eodh j? ns/ db d/ ftek; ftu ;fj:'r gqdkB eodh j?.
jo fJe fBotkuB y/so ftu db dk fJe ;zrmB j[zdk j? fi;Bz{ y/soh ;zx efjzd/ jB. jo fJe fBotkuB
y/so Bz{ tkovK ftu tzfvnk iKdk j? jo fJe tkov ftu fJe ;whsh j[zdh j?. fBotkuB y/so tkov ;zrmB
;zxksfos ;w[dkJh dk ;zx j[zdk j? i' ;G s'A j/mb/ g~Xo T[s/ dbhJ/ ;zrmB dh fJe gqpzXe ;whsh j[zdh j?
i' fe;/ th ftnesh dk db ns/ ;zrmB s'A eZY ;edh j?. gqpzXe ;whsh fJe ekoiekoDh ;whsh dh u'D
eodh j?. fJ;dh p?me jo wjhB/ j[zdh j?. fJj e[M T[g;whshnK dk ;zrmB eodh j?. jo fJe fBotkuB
y/so ftu :[te ;zx dh ;EkgBk ehsh iKdh j?.
wid{o db d/ e/Adoh dcso NqK;g'oN jkT[; (Transport House) fejk iKdk j?. fJj okPNoh ekoiekoDh
;whsh d/ nXhB j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu 77 ftGkr j[zd/ jB. fJj fJe ;fut d/ fBod/PD ftu ekoi eodk
j?.
;kfwntkdh db (
;kfwntkdh db (
;kfwntkdh db (
;kfwntkdh db (
;kfwntkdh db (Communist Party)) )) )–nB[dko, T[dko ns/ wid{o dbK dh irkj fJzrb?Av ftu
;kfwntkdh db th jB. gozs{ j'Ad Bk pokpo j?. fJ;dh w?Apo ;zfynk f;oc 40 jIko j?. 1950 JhH dh
u'D ftu 90 jIko t'N fwb/ ns/ ni/ se ;z;d ftu f;oc uko ;kfwntkdh w?Apo j'J/ jB. fJ;dh Bhsh
cq?Au ;kfwntkdh db Bkb fwbdh–i[bdh j?. wkoe; fJ;dk dkoPfBe j? ns/ eq/wfBb fJ;dk fBod/Pe.
fJj iBszso ftu ftPtk; BjhA eodk. fJj tor–:[~X ns/ PqwihthnK d/ nfXBkfJest (Dictatorship
of the Proletariat) dk ;woEe j?. fJ;B/ Pqfwe ;zxK ftu tVB dh e'fPP ehsh j?. go wid{o db d/
ekoB fJ; Bz{ n;cbsk jh j~E brh j?. cqK; ns/ fJNbh ;kfwntkdhnK d/ ;wkB fJ;Bz{ ftBPNekoh
sohfenK Bz{ ngDkT[D dk nt;o edh BjhA fwb ;fenk.

nwfoek ftu okiBhfse db
nwfoek ftu okiBhfse db
nwfoek ftu okiBhfse db
nwfoek ftu okiBhfse db (Political Parties in America)
nwfoek ftu okiBhfse db
nwfoek ftu okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; (
nwfoek ftu okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; (
nwfoek ftu okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; (
nwfoek ftu okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; (
nwfoek ftu okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; (Rise and Development of Political
Parties in the U.S.A.)L)L )L)L )L r?o ;zt?XkfBe ;fEsh–gqikszso d/ nzsors Pk;B–ftnt;Ek d/ d' ;q's j[zd/ jB
–;zftXkfBe (Constitutional) ns/ r?o ;zftXkfBe (Extra-Constitutional). Pk;B d/ ;cb ;zukbB
ftu d't/A gfjb{nK dk ;wkB wj~st j?. d't/A nfGzB jB ns/ d't/A fJe d{i/ d/ g{oe jB. i/eo ;zftXkB Pk;B
Bz{ YKuk gqdkB eodk j? sK r?o–;zftXkfBe nzr wk; ns/ y{B gqdkB eo T[;Bz{ rshPhb ns/ ekoiekoh
pDkT[Ad/ jB. okiBhfse db Pk;B d/ r?o ;zftXkfBe gfjb{ d/ nkdoP T[dkjoD jB ns/ gqikszso
okiBhfse db nt~PzGkth jB, ihtBdkfJBh Pesh jB. gozs{ T[BQK Bz{ ;zftXkfBe wkBsk gqdkB BjhA ehsh
iKdh j?, id fe skBkPkjh okiK ftu T[BQK Bz{ ekB{zBh ;fEsh fdZsh iKdh j?. fco th ;zftXkB d/ go/ T[BQK
dh g?dkfJP j' iKdh j?l wB[Zy dh gqfeosh ns/ io{os okiBhfse db d/ ftek; Bz{ io{oh pDk fdzdhnK jB.

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