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fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fBu'V ft~u fJjh fejk ik ;edk j? fe s[bBkswe g~Xsh fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek, ;z;Ek, gqfeqnk ns/ BØN
okiBhfse fttjko Bkb ;zpzfXs d' iK nfXe gfotoseK ft~u nkg;h nB[Gkfte ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB dh
nfijh ftXh j? fi; ft~u s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs j'o ;ko/ gfotoseK Bz{ ;fEo o~fynk
iKdk j?. fit/A fe;/ fBotkuB y/so ft~u iksh iK wsdkB nkuoD (voting behaviour) dk ;zpzX gsk eoB
bJh j'o fBotkuB y/soK ft~u wsdkB nkuoD Bkb fJ; dh s[bBk ehsh ikt/rh. fJ~E/ iksh s'A fJbktk ;ko/
fBotkuB y/soK ft~u pkeh ;G r~bK ;wkB wzB e/ u~fbnk ikt/rk noEks iksh ns/ ws fttjko s'A fJbtk
;ko/ gfotose ;fEo wzB/ ikDr/. T[dkjoD bJh, ;ko/ fBotkuB y/so g/Av{ j'Dr/, ;kfonK ft~u fJ~e' fijh
f;~fynk j't/rh, ;G ft~u wsdksktK dh nkofEe ;fEsh th ;wkB j't/rh. fJ;/ soK f;~fynk, Xow, GkPk
nkfd gfotoseK dk ws fttjko Bkb ;zpzX ;Ekfgs ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ j'o fBotkfus y/soK ft~u fJBQK
;zpzXK dh s[bBk eo e/ ws fttjko d/ ;zpzX ft~u BshfinK s/ gj[zfunk ik ;edk j?. T[go'es ftt/uB s'A
;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK fBwB fbfys ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB^
(1) fJj fBPfus o{g Bkb fJ~e g~Xsh j?. (2) fJj ftfrnkfBe g~XshnK ft~u'A fJ~e j?, nkg ftfrnkfBe
g~Xsh BjhA j?. (3) fJj gfotoseK d/ ft~u nB[Gkfte ;zpzX^;{soK dh y'i eoB dh ftXh j?. (4) fJj
s[bBkswe ftPb/PD dh ftXh j?, gqftXh gqfeqnk iK s[bBk dk fdqPNhe'D BjhA j?.
s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ noE ns/ gfoGkPk s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJ; g~Xsh
dk ftP/P wj~st jh BjhA pbfe ftP/P noE th j?. fJ; g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh d/ ftt/uB Bkb fJj j'o th
;gPN j' ikt/rk.
2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh (The Nature of Comparative Method)
2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh
2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh
2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh
2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh
s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh dk ;gPNheoB fJ; d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK d/ ftt/uB d[nkok ehsk ik
;edk j?. fJj fJ; gkm d/ P[o{ ft~u jh d/fynk ik ;edk j? fe s[bBkswe g~Xsh fe;/ th fJ~e t;s{ dh
d{ih t;s{ Bkb s[bBk eoBk BjhA j?. fJj f;oiDkswe gqfeqnk j?. fJ; dk s[bBktK ft~u gq:'r sK jh ehsk
ik ;edk j?, id'A fe s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK ft~u e[M Io{oh b~SD ftfdnwkB j'D noEks s[bBkswe g~Xsh
dh s[bBk eoB dhnK e[M g{ot^PosK jB. ;zy/g ft~u fJj fJ; soK jB^
s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK
s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK
s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK (Pre-requisites of Comparative
s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK (Pre-requisites of Comparative(Pre-requisites of Comparative
s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK (Pre-requisites of Comparative(Pre-requisites of Comparative
Method)L
Method)LL
Method)LL
Method)
Method)
s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK e[M ftfPPN g{ot^PosK jB. fJBQK d/ g{ok j'J/ fpBK s[bBkswe g~Xsh
d/ gq:'r Bkb ehshnK rJhnK s[bBktK ;zs[fbs nt;Ek s~e BjhA b? ikJhnK ik ;edhnK. n;b ft~u, fJj
Uj ftfPPN PosK jB fiBQK Bkb s[bBkswe nfXn?BK Bz{ noE g{oB pDkUD ft~u wdd fwbdh j?. fJBQK
PosK dh g{osh d/ nGkt ft~u th s[bBkswe ftPb/PD sK ehsk ik ;edk j?. go s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK
d/ pko/ ft~u T[g:'rh Bshi/ e~YDk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. fit/A fe;/ d/P d/ ;op^T[u fBnkb/ dh fJ~e fgzv dh
fBnK gzukfJs Bkb s[bBk eoB s/ th s[bBk dhnK UjBK d'jK fJekJhnK ft~u'A fe;/ d/ pko/ ft~u th e'Jh
;kXkoD fB:w BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;e/rk. fJ~E/ fJBQK fJekJhnK ft~u gqs:Jh nzso j'D d/ ekoD s[bBk jh
fBooEe j't/rh. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk fe;/ th fJekJh dh fe;/ j'o fJekJh Bkb s[bBk eoB ft~u
T[g:'r ;koEe BjhA j[zdk j?. fJ; dh ;koEesk d/ bJh e[M g{ot^PosK dk j'Dk Io{oh j?. fJj ftfPPN
PosK fBwB fbfys jB^
(e) s[bBk dh fJekJh d/ u[DkU d/ ekoe d/ o{g ft~u gqs:Jh YKuk iK ftuko pzX
(e) s[bBk dh fJekJh d/ u[DkU d/ ekoe d/ o{g ft~u gqs:Jh YKuk iK ftuko pzX
(e) s[bBk dh fJekJh d/ u[DkU d/ ekoe d/ o{g ft~u gqs:Jh YKuk iK ftuko pzX
(e) s[bBk dh fJekJh d/ u[DkU d/ ekoe d/ o{g ft~u gqs:Jh YKuk iK ftuko pzX (Conceptual
(e) s[bBk dh fJekJh d/ u[DkU d/ ekoe d/ o{g ft~u gqs:Jh YKuk iK ftuko pzX
framework as a factor in unit selection)^^ ^^ ^s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r ft~u s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk
gqs:Jh YKuk fJ~e' fijk j'Dk Io{oh j?. fJ~e' fij/ gqs:Jh YKu/ s'A fJ~E/ wsbp j? fe ;kohnK fJekJhnK fJ~e
jh gqs:n Bkb ;zpzfXs j'D. T[dkjoD bJh, Gkos dh ;z;d dh s[bBk, fpqN/B dh ;z;d Bkb eoB s/, s[bBk
dhnK d't/A fJekJhnK^ Gkos ns/ fpqN/B dhnK ;z;dK, ;wkB gqs:Jh YKu/ tkbhnK ejhnK ikDrhnK. fJ~E/
fJj fXnkB o~yDk j? fe s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk fJ~e' fijk gqs:Jh YKuk d'jK dh fJ~eo{gsk iK ;wkBsk
dk ;ze/se BjhA j?. fJ; T[dkjoD ft~u d'jK dh ;z;dK ft~u ftfGzBsk ns/ ftfu~sosk j'D s/ th gqs:n dh
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