Page 49 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK ;w~f;nktK
s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK ;w~f;nktK (Problems of Comparative Method)
s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK ;w~f;nktK
s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK ;w~f;nktK
BØN s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK ;w~f;nktK
okiBhfse fttjko Bkb ;zpzfXs s[bBkswe ftPb/PDK ft~u'A s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r w[~y o{g ft~u d'
ekoBK eoe/ j[zdk j?. fJ~e sK g[PmG{wh gotoseK (back ground variables) dh ;zfynk dh ;w~f;nk
ofjzdh j? ns/ d{ih ;w~f;nk fJ~e' fij/ gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ jh T[dkjoDK d/ u[Bkt d/ ekoD e/;/I (cases)
dh ;zfynk ft~u pj[s ewh j'Jh j?. okiBhfse ihtB ft~u eo'VK ftneshnK dhnK rshftXhnK Pkfwb
ofjzdhnK jB. fJj rshftXhnK ns/ UjBK ;G ftneshnK dk fttjko gqshwkB nB/e s~sK s'A gqGkfts
j[zdk j?. nkofEe ;fEshnK s'A b? e/ ibtk:{ s~e ns/ G{r'fbe ftP/PsktK s'A fJfsjkf;e d[oxNBktK s~e
dk gqs~y ns/ ngqs~y gqGkt Pk;eK ns/ ;oekoK d/ fttjko s/ g?Adk j?. s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r ft~u fJBQK
gfotoseK dh ;w~f;nk nfXe ifNb j? feUAfe okiBhfse fttjko, jo ;so s/ jo gb fJBQK s'A gqGkfts
j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh s[bBktK Bz{ :EkoEtkdh pDkUD d/ bJh fJBQK g[PmG{wh gfotoseK dh Bk e/tb ikDekoh
Io{oh j?, pbfe fJBQK dh gfjukD th Io{oh j?. fJj gfotoseK dh n;zfynsk, ifNbsk, fJBQK d/ wkg dh
efmBkJh nkfd fJBQK dh ikDekoh ;zGt jh BjhA j'D fdzdh. d{ih efmBkJh T[dkjoDK dh ;zfynk dh j?.
s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r d/ bJh nB/e BjhA sK ekch T[dkjoD Io{oh jB. fJBQK ;w~f;nktK dk T[Bw{bB
sK ;zGt j? jh BjhA, gqzs{ fJBQK s'A puD bJh nkw s"o s/ d' T[gkn ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJ~e sK s[bBkswe
ftPb/PD B{z s[bBkswe ;fEshnK s/ jh e/Adfos ehsk iKdk j? ns/ d{ik, s[bBkswe ftPb/PD Bz{ gqw~[y
gfotoseK s/ nkXkfos o~fynk ikt/. fJ; Bkb T[go'es ;w~f;nktK nKfPe o{g Bkb j~b j' ikDrhnK ns/
s[bBkswe ftPb/PD eoB ft~u nfXe ;obsk j't/rh. s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ noE, gqfeqsh ns/ y/so d/
toDB s'A ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe fJj g~Xsh okiBhfse nfXn?BK ft~u nfXekfXe gq:[es j't/rh. fJ; g~Xsh
dh ftfrnkfBe, gq:'rkswe ns/ ;Kfyneh ftXhnK Bkb Pq/Pmsk d/ ekoD s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B
ft~u fJ; dk gq:'r tXdk ik fojk j?.

s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw
2H3
s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw
s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw
2H3 s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw (Traditional
2H3
2H3 s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw
2H3
Approach to the Study of Comparative Politics)
gozgokrs T[gkrw ^ okiBhsh d/ w{b^Gkfos nfXn?BK T[Zs/ pb okiBsh d/ nfXn?B d/ T[gkrwK Bz{ w'N/ s"o s/
d' torK ft~u tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^ wkDgoe (normatice) ns/ fttjkogoe (empirical), id'A fe wkDgoe
T[gkrw Bz{ w{b^w[es (value free) d/ o{g ft~u ikfDnk iKdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ft~u, id'A fe gfjb/ dh ftP/Psk
fBnkwesk j?, d{i/ dh ftP/Psk fttjkotkd j?. fJ; bJh fJ; pko/ ft~u torheoB dk nkXko s~E^w{b (fact
value) ;zpzX j?. fJ; d/ nkXko s/ n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe id'A fe gozgokrs T[gkrwK dk M[ekn ‘w[~bK* t~b
j[zdk j?, d{ik T[gkrw ‘s~EK* dk ;jkok b?Adk j?. fJ; dk Bshik s~E^w{b fd_zX (dichotomy) fBoXkoe ekoe
pD iKdk j?. gozgokrs T[gkrwK dk ;o{g fJfsjkf;e, fttoDkswe ns/ nkd/Pskwe j? fi; ft~u w[~bK ns/
NhfunK bJh gqw[~y ;EkB j?. UjBK dhnK ftfGzB fe;wK dh uouk fJ; soK j?^
1H dkoPfBe T[gkrwL
1H dkoPfBe T[gkrwL okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh ;G s'A g[okDk T[gkrw dkoPfBe (philosophical
1H dkoPfBe T[gkrwL
1H dkoPfBe T[gkrwL
1H dkoPfBe T[gkrwL
appraoch) j? fi; Bz{ nkuko^Pk;soh T[gkrw d/ BK Bkb th ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJ~E/ oki, ;oeko ns/
wkBt dk okiBhfse ;~sk d/ o{g ft~u nfXn?B e[M T[d/PK, B?fse f;fy~nktK, ;~uK ns/ T[~u f;XKsK d/
nB[;oD d/ Bkb nfGzB o{g ft~u i[fVnk j'fJnk j? i' ;ko/ frnkB ns/ tk;sftesk ft~u nsfBfjs j[zdk
j?. fJ; y/so ft~u okiBhsh dk nfXn?B wBBPhb ;o{g XkoD eo b?Adk j?, feUAfe dkoPfBe Ppd dk
;zpzX jh fuzsB Bkb j?.dkoPfBe ftPb/PD fe;/ ftP/ d/ ;o{g d/ ftuko Bz{ ;gPN eoB ns/ T[;d/ ;kXBK
ns/ ;kXeK d/ nfXn?B dk gqnk; j?. fJ; Bz{ j'o nfXe PpdK ft~u ;gPN ehsk ikt/, sK fJj fejk ik
;edk j? fe i' ftnesh fe;/ ftP/ d/ o{g ft~u dkoPfBe T[gkrw Bz{ ngDkUAdk j?, T[; dk T[d/P GkPk
;gPNsk Bz{ tXkUDk ns/ GkPkJh n;gPNsk Bz{ x~N eoBk j?. Uj fJj wzB b?Adk j? fe fttoD ft~u fJ;s/
wkb ehsh rJh GkPk tk;sftesk dhnK ;zebgBktK Bz{ gfobefPs eoBh j? ns/ Uj tk;sftesk dh
;zebgBktK Bz{ :Ek;zGt nfXe s'A nfXe ;gPN, ;zrs, ;jkfJe ns/ ;[;zrs pDkUDk ukj[zdk j?. Uj fuzsB
ns/ ftuko nfGftnesh Bz{ gqGkfts ns/ T[;dk wkor^doPB eoBk ukj[zdk j? fi; Bkb fJ; ;zGktBk Bz{ nfXe
s'A nfXe ftnkge ehsk ik ;e/ fe tk;sftesk dk u[fDnk j'fJnk g~y (okiBsh) p'Xrwe pD ikt/.

44 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY