Page 46 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gfoukbkBkswe ftuko BØN
s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gfoukbkBkswe ftuko
s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gfoukbkBkswe ftuko (Operational View of
s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gfoukbkBkswe ftuko
s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gfoukbkBkswe ftuko
Comparative method)
s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot PosK d/ ftt/uB s'A fJj ;ze/s fwbdk j? fe fJ; g~Xsh dk gq:'r
ftfPPN gqeko Bkb jh j' ;edk j?. fJ; d/ gq:'r d/ e[M fBPfus uoD jB fiBQK dk nB[rwB eoB/ j'J/
jh s[bBktK f;oiDkswe pD ;edhnK jB. ;kXkoD s"o s/, fJ; g~Xsh d/ gq:'r d/ fBwB fbfys uoDK
dk gkbB j'D s/ jh fJj g~Xsh feqnkswe o{g b? ;edh j?.
(e) gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt
(e) gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt (Selection of units of
(e) gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt
(e) gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt
(e) gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt
comparison on the basis of conceptual framework)^^ ^^ ^fJj fJBQK jh d/fynk ik u[ek j? fe s[bBk
dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt eoB/ ;w/A gqs:Jh YKu/ dk nkXko feUA fbnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ~E/ fJBk :kd
o~yDk ekch j't/rk fe i/eo s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk nkXko, fJ~e' jh gqeko dk gqs:n BjhA oj/rk, sK
s[bBktK ;wkB Bshi/ e~YD ft~u ;cb BjhA j' ;eDrhnK. T[dkjoD bJh fe;/ d/P dh ekoigkfbek dh j'o
d/P dh fBnKgkfbek Bkb s[bBk eoBk d' fGzB fGzB gqeko d/ gqs:nK d/ ekoD, ;wkB j[zd/ j'J/ th T[g:'rh
BjhA j't/rk. fJ~E/ fJj th fXnkB d/D :'r r~b j? fe T[zi sK fJ; g~Xsh bJh e/tb d' jh T[dkjoD j'D
Bkb th s[bBk ehsh ik ;edh j? go BshfinK Bz{ ;wkB o{g d/D bJh fizB/ fInkdk T[dkjoD j'Dr/ UBh
jh gfoP[~Xsk tXdh ikt/rh. T[dkjoD bJh, i/eo ;z;dh Pk;B ftt;Ek ns/ dbh ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh dk
nkg;h ;zpzX ikDBk j't/ sK ;z;dh Pk;B ftt;EktK d/ nB/eK j'o T[dkjoD j'D Bkb P[~Xsk :[es Bshi/
fB~ebD ft~u ;j{fbns oj/rh. T[dkjoDK dh nfXesk s[bBk Bz{ ftnkgesw pDkUD dk nt;o gqdkB eoBh
j?. fJ; bJh gqs:Jh fJekJhnK dk nfXn?B UjBK jh Pq/Pm j't/rk fizBhnK fe T[dkjoDK dh ;zfynk, fiBQK
Bz{ s[bBk ft~u Pkfwb ehsk frnk j't/.
(y) s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk torheoB
(y) s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk torheoB
(y) s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk torheoB (Classfication of the units of comparison)^s[bBk
(y) s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk torheoB
(y) s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk torheoB
d/ bJh u[DhnK rJhnK gqs:Jh fJekJhnK dk torheoB eoe/ jh s[bBkswesk dh nt;Ek s~e gj[zfunk
ik ;edk j?. torheoB Bkb s[bBk dk y/so ns/ fJekJhnK d/ tor dk ;hwKeD j' ikdk j?. fJ; Bkb
s[bBk dk y/so ;[fBPfus ns/ ;[;gPN j' iKdk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, i/eo 50 okiBhfse ftt;EktK
s[bBkswe nfXn?B ft~u Pkfwb ehshnK rJhnK j'D, sK fJBQK dk ;zGkfts gfoebgBk Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/
j'J/ torheoB eoBk pj[s T[g:'rh ofjzdk j?. i/eo gfoebgBk b'eszo d/ fe;/ gfjb{ Bkb ;zpzfXs j? ns/
e/tb b'esKsfoe ftt;EktK dh s[bBk jh eoBh j't/ sK fJBQK 50 okiBhfse ftt;EktK dk d' torK ft~u
ftGkfis j'Dk Io{oh j?. fJ~e tor b'esKsfoe ftt;Ek dk ns/ d{ik fBoze[P ftt;EktK dk eoBk j't/rk.
torheoB Bkb gfoebgBk eoBk ;ob j' iKdk j? ns/ p/eko d/ nKefVnK d/ ;zebB s'A pfunk ik ;edk
j?.

(r) s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk
(r) s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk
(r) s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk
(r) s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk
(r) s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk
(Formulation of hypothetical propositions about all the units under comparison)^^ ^^ ^
gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk Bz{ b? e/ fttkd j? fe fJj fJekJh dhnK u'DK s'A gfjbK j'Dh
ukjhdh j? iK T[; s'A pknd. e[M b'eK dk ftuko j? fe fJBQK dh ;EkgBk gfjbK j[zdh j? ns/ fJBQK Bz{
fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ jh nfXn?B dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt ehsk ik ;edk j?. d{i/ tor d/ b'eK dk efjDk
j? fe gfoebgBk fpBK nkXko d/ BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJ; bJh fJekJh dk u[Bkt gfjbK j'Dk ukjhdk
j?. PkfJd d{ik ftuko jh mhe j?. feUAfe fJekJhnK d/ u[Bkt s'A pknd gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk ft~u
nfXe S{N fwb iKdh j?. u[DhnK rJhnK fJekJhnK Bz{ b? e/ jo ;zGt gfoebgBk ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/
UjBK ft~u'A fJ~e iK e[M iK ;G dh s[bBkswesk Yzr Bkb goy ehsh ik ;edh j?.
(x) s[bBk dh jo fJekJh Bz{ b? e/ gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk dh goy
(x) s[bBk dh jo fJekJh Bz{ b? e/ gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk dh goy
(x) s[bBk dh jo fJekJh Bz{ b? e/ gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk dh goy (Testing
(x) s[bBk dh jo fJekJh Bz{ b? e/ gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk dh goy
(x) s[bBk dh jo fJekJh Bz{ b? e/ gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk dh goy
the validity of hypothetical proposition about each instace of comparison)^^ ^^ ^gfoebgBkswe
gq;EkgBktK dh t?Xsk dh goy fJekJhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs nKefVnK d/ ;zebB s'A ehsh ikdh j?. ;ko/ Io{oh
nkefVnK dk, nKeV/ fJ~em/ eoB dhnK ftftX ftXhnK ft~u'A e[M dk iK nB/eK dk gq:'r eoe/, ;zebB eoe/
s[bBk dh jo fJekJh d/ ;zpzX ft~u gq;EkgBktK dh t?Xsk dh goy ehsh ikdh j?. gq;EkgBktK dh t?Xsk
dh fJj goy nKefVnK dh nkg;h s[bBk eo e/ ehsh ikdh j?.

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