Page 54 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh
• okiBsh d/ nfXn?B d/ T[gkrwK Bz{ w'N/ s"o s/ d' torK ft~u tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^ wkDgoe (normatice) BØN
ns/ fttjkogoe (empirical), id'A fe wkDgoe T[gkrw Bz{ w{b^w[es (value free) d/ o{g ft~u ikfDnk
iKdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ft~u, id'A fe gfjb/ dh ftP/Psk fBnkwesk j?, d{i/ dh ftP/Psk fttjkotkd j?.
• okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh ;G s'A g[okDk T[gkrw dkoPfBe (philosophical appraoch) j? fi; Bz{
nkuko^Pk;soh T[gkrw d/ BK Bkb th ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJ~E/ oki, ;oeko ns/ wkBt dk okiBhfse
;~sk d/ o{g ft~u nfXn?B e[M T[d/PK, B?fse f;fy~nktK, ;~uK ns/ T[~u f;XKsK d/ nB[;oD d/ Bkb nfGzB
o{g ft~u i[fVnk j'fJnk j? i' ;ko/ frnkB ns/ tk;sftesk ft~u nsfBfjs j[zdk j?. fJ; y/so ft~u
okiBhsh dk nfXn?B wBBPhb ;o{g XkoD eo b?Adk j?, feUAfe dkoPfBe Ppd dk ;zpzX jh fuzsB Bkb
j?.
• fJ;/ ekoD, dkoPfBe ns/ nkukoPk;soh T[gkrw dk ;woEB eoB tkb/ b/ye ns/ ftukoe Pk;eK ns/
okiBhfse ;w[dktK d/ w?ApoK Bz{ fJj ;bkj d/Dk ukj[zd/ jB fe Uj fe;/ T[Zu NhfunK dk nB[;oD eoB.
• dkoPfBe T[gkrw dh fJ; nkXko s/ nkb'uBk ehsh iKdh j? fe fJj fuzsBkswe ns/ nw{os j?. fJj
fejk iKdk j? fe fJj :EkoE dh d[BhnK s'A pj[s d{o b? iKdk j?. fJ; T[Zs/ gfoebgBkswe j'D dk d'P
brkfJnk iKdk j?. eKN ns/ jhrb d/ j~E'A fJj oki Bz{ ofjf;~nkswe T[ukJhnK s~e b? iKdk j?.
• fJ; T[gkrw dk ftfPPN b~SD nshs iK ekb dh u[Dh j'Jh ntXh ns/ fe;/ ftP/P uoD d/ nzdo u[DhnK
xNBktK d/ T[Zs/ pb j?, sK fe fJ; r~b dh ftnkfynk ehsh ik ;e/ fe fejVhnK ;z;EktK ubhnK nk
ojhnK jB, ns/ Uj eh ezw eo ojhnK jB, fJj nkw s"o s/ fJ; frnkB tk;s/ j[zdk j? fe Uj eh eo
ojhnK jB, Uj n;fs~st ft~u fe; gqeko GkJh, Uj eh jB, ns/ nkgD/ ftPb/PD d/ ;zpzX ft~u UjBK
dk eh ;EkB j?.
• fJfsjkf;e T[gkrw fJ; XkoDk s/ fNfenk j? fe okiBhfse f;XKs dk Gzvko ;wkfie^nkofEe ;zeN
ns/ UjBK d/ d[nkok wjkB fuzseK d/ wBK s/ S~vhnK rJhnK gqshfefonktK ft~u'A nkT[Adk j?. fJ; bJh,
fJfsjkf;e rtkj dk nkgDk jh wj~st j?. gqkuhB :{BkB dhnK gfo;fEshnK B/ gb/N' ns/ gqo;s{ Bz{ ns/
fJ;/ soK ;skothA Pskpdh d/ fJzrb?Av B/ jkp; ns/ bke Bz{ iBw fd~sk. T[BhthA Pskpdh dh g{zihtkdh
gqDkbh B/ wkoe; ns/ fwb Bz{ iBw fd~sk.
• fJfsjkf;e T[gkrw dhnK e[M ewI'ohnK jB. T[dkjoD bJh, fit/A i/w; pqkJhI B/ fejk j?, fJj ne;o
;sjh ;wkBsktK Bkb Gkfos j[zdk j?. fJ; Bks/ fJfsjkf;e ;wkBKso e[M j~d s~e frnkBtoXe j' ;ed/
jB, go fInkdkso ;fEshnK ft~u, Uj gEfGqPN eoB tkb/ th j[zd/ jB.
• fJ~E/ okiBhsh dk nfXn?Beosk ftt;Ekfgek, ekoigkfbek ns/ fBnKgkfbek fij/ okiBhfse ;zrmBK dh
n"gukfoe ;zoUjBK d/ nfXn?B s/ pb fdzdk j?. fJ; gqftq~sh Bz{ gqkuhB ekb d/ no;s{ s'A b? e/ g'bhfpn;
s~e ns/ nkX[fBe :[r ft~u pqkJh; ns/ ckJhBo fij/ eJh oki ftfrnkfBeK dhnK ouBKtK ft~u y'fink
ik ;edk j?.
• ;z;EkfBe iK ;zozuBkswe T[gkrw Bz{ eJh nwoheh ns/ nzrq/I b/yeK dhnK ouBKtK ft~u d/fynk ik
;edk j?. n;hA tkbNo p/rjkN, n?cH J/H nkr, vpb:{H phH w[Bo', jow/B ckJhBo, n?uH i/H bk;eh,
fouov fBT{IvkN, ;hH n?cH ;qNqKr, poBkov feqe, i/w; pqkJh;, j/okbv fize, w'fo; v[p/io ns/
fiUtkBh ;koN/oh d/ rqzEK t~b fBod/P eo ;ed/ jK. UjBK dhnK ouBKtK dh ;G s'A nfXe T[b/y :'r
ftP/Psk fJj j? fe okiBhsh dk nfXn?B okiBhfse tgko d/ n"gukfoe ns/ ;z;fBe ;zouBKtK s~e
;hfws j' frnk j?.
• pj[s nfXe ;zehoD j'D d/ ekoD fJ; T[gkrw dh nkb'uBK ehsh rJh j?. fJ; ft~u UjBK ftneshnK
dh G{fwek dh T[g/fynk ehsh rJh j?, i' okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh n"gukfoe ns/ nD^n"gukfoe ;zzouBKtK
ns/ T[g;zouBKtK dk fBowkD ns/ UjBK Bz{ gfoukfbs eoB/ jB.
• nzs ft~u, gozgokrs T[gkrwK d/ y/so ft~u n;hA ekBz{Bh iK fBnKfJe T[gkrw dk T[b/y eo ;ed/ jk.
fJ; d/ nzsors okiBhsh dk nfXn?B ekBz{Bh gqfefonktK ns/ ;z;EktK Bkb x[b^fwb frnk j?.ekBz{B
ns/ fBnK d/ ftfPnK Bz{ fBnK Pk;so d/ wkwb/ jh BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk pbfe oki ftfrnkfBe oki Bz{
gqGkth ns/ ;zs[bBg{oB ekBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yD tkbk ;wMd/ jB.
• fit/A T[Zgo uouk ehsh rJh j? fe gozgokrs T[gkrwK dhnK uko w[~y fe;wK jB. UjBK dk T[b/y:'r
Nhuk fJj j? fe UjBK ft~u w{b^Gkfos gqDkbh dk gqG[~st j?. fBnkwesktkd UjBK Bz{ ftfu~so ns/

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

49