Page 259 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
14H2H1 BØN
14H2H1 nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ns/ o[ektNK nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ns/ o[ektNK
14H2H1 nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ns/ o[ektNK
14H2H1 nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ns/ o[ektNK nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ns/ o[ektNK
14H2H1
fe;/ th ;wki d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u :'rdkB eoD tkb/ nkofEe ekoe nkw s"o s/ fJ; gqeko ;wM/ iKd/
jBL gqkfeqfse ;z;kXB (resources), XB ;zuD (capital accumulation), seBhe (technology), Pesh
d/ ;o's, iBPesh, wId{oh, iB;zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK ns/ UBK dk nkofEe ;zrmB ns/ ;wkfie
gfonktoD. g{otPosK d/ ftP/ ft~u okpoN c?fo; B/ fejk j? fe nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK fJj
jBL (i) w[~b iK ftukoXkok, (ii) ;z;EktK iK nkdoPkswe rqzEhnK (normative complexes) noEks
fttjko d/ fB:wK dh iK fttjko ;zpzXh ;thfeqsh nkd/PK (prescriptions) dh ;ot;zwsh ;thfeqsh ns/
UBK dk gkbD, (iii) ;zrmB (BhshnK), noEks eh ;oeko fBih y/so Bz{ gq's;kjB d/Dk ukj[zdh j? iK ;oekoh
y/so Bz{ iK d'jK Bz{ jh, (iv) bkG$fJ~Is Bkb ;zpzfXs gq/oDktK$gq's;kjB.
B'tke dk wzBDk j? fe x~N ftek; d/ w[~y nkXko fJj jBL XB dk nGkt, fBwB T[d:'fre iB;zfynk ns/
gqkfeqfse ;z;kXBK dh ewh. d{i/ gk;/ nkofEe ftek; dhnK g{otPosK ft~u g{zih, seBheh d/ r[D ns/
gqkfeqfse ;z;kXB Pkfwb jB. UBK B/ wzfBnk j? fe nftef;s y/soK ft~u nkofEe ftek; ft~u i' ekoe
o[ektN gkUAd/ jB Uj jBL (i) Io{oh wksok ft~u BthB y'I (innovation) ft~u ewh, (ii) ;wsktkdh
y/sh ;[XkoK ft~u ewh, (iii) ekoi nB[Pk;B ft~u ewh, (iv) iB;zfynk tkXk ns/ (v) ftd/Ph ftfBw/ ft~u
ewh.
i?ep tkJhBo B/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u S/ o[ektNK dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?. Uj jBL G"fse tksktoD dk
nB[e{b Bk j'Dk, ekoiPhb iB;zfynk dh fBwB e'Nh, seBheh frnkB dh ewh, g{zih dh ewh, iB;zfynk
ft~u s/I rsh Bkb tkXk ns/ y/sh ;zouBk ft~u d'P.
:[og ft~u gq'N/;N/AN ;[XkoK B/ g{zihtkd d/ T[d/ ns/ ftek; bJh ;wki dk fdqPNhe'D ns/ ;z;EktK ft~u
gfotosB d[nkok o;sk y'b fd~sk ;h. fJ;/ nkXko T[Zs/ “gq'N/;N/AN B?fsesk” dk ftek; j'fJnk i' nkofEe
ftek; bJh uzrk ;h. fJ; :{ogh xNBk d/ ftP/ ft~u fbyd/ j'J/ w?e; t/po B/ g{zihtkdh ;wki dhnK UBK
;z;EktK T[Zs/ pb fd~sk j? i' g~Sw ft~u s/Ih Bkb nkofEe ftek; Bkb fwbdhnK jBL (i) fBih wbehns
ns/ T[sgkdB d/ ;kXBk T[Zs/ fB:zsoD. (ii) o[ektNK ns/ ;oekoh w[~b fBoXkoD. (iii) rDBk ;zpzXh fB:wK
dk Pk;B fi; Bkb b'eK Bz{ gfjbK jh gsk ub iKdk j? fe feBK fB:wK d/ nzsors UBK B/ nkofEe ihtB
ubkUDk j?. (iv) wId{oh bJh ftneshnK Bz{ ezw eoD dh ;[szsosk, (v) wId{oh ns/ ehwsK dh pIko
ftt;Ek d[nkok nkofEe ihtB dk tkfDiheoD (commercialism) fi; Bkb T[sgkdB d/ ;kXBK Bz{
;zukfbs ns/ nktzfvs (allocate) ehsk ik ;e/. (vi) ;~N/pkIh ns/ i'fyw T[mkUD dh gqftq~sh (fiBK Bz{ g{ot
;kwzsh ;wkiK ft~u ftnkge o{g Bkb gqshpzfXs ehsk j'fJnk ;h). gqzs{ e[M ftdtkBK B/ fJ; XkoDk ft~u
ewhnK d~;hnK jB.

14H2H2
14H2H2 Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK
14H2H2 Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK
14H2H2
14H2H2 Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK
T[go'es T[b/fys ekoe Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; d/ o;s/ ft~u pzXe s~sK Bz{ ;wMD ft~u ;jkfJe j' ;ed/
jB. Ekw; Ph (Thomas Shea, See Jean Meynaud, 1963) d/ nB[;ko Gkos ft~u uko wj~stg{oD
o[ektNK jBL iksh, G{wh g~N/ (land tenure) dk ;o{g, iB;zfynk tkXk ns/ ;zgsh ekBz{B (i' y/sh:'r G{wh
Bz{ N[eV/^N[eV/ eodk j?).
J/H nkoH d/;kJh B/ i' w{b o[ektNK d~;hnK jBL (i) nshs s'A tzPkB[eqw ft~u gqkgs ;wkfie ns/ ;zs;Ekswe
ouBk ns/ w[~b (noEks iksh ftt;Ek) ns/ (ii) fgSVh j'Jh fBPmk bJh brkt.
ukj/ iksh ftt;Ek Gkos d/ ;zftXkB d[nkok f;XKse ns/ fBnKfJe fdqPNh Bkb ysw eo fd~sh rJh j?,
gqzs{ n;b ihtB ft~u fJ; dk wj~st, nkofEe ftek; T[Zs/ fJ; dk n;o, ;zgsh ;zpzXK d/ ;o{g ns/ T[gG'r
d/ ;o{g T[Zs/ fJ; dk gqGkt ns/ nkofEe, okiBhfse, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse y/soK ft~u Pesh ;zouBk
d/ ;o{g T[Zs/ fJ; d/ gqGkt Bz{ ni/ uzrh soK BjhA ;wfMnk frnk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; dk rzGho o{g Bkb
x~N nB[wkB brkfJnk frnk j?. iksh b'eK dh rshPhbsk Bz{ o'edh j? i' fe rshtkB nkofEe ftek; bJh
pj[s Io{oh j?. fJj e[M ;w{jK Bz{ e[M eko'pko eoD s'A o'edh j? ns/ e[M nkofEe fttjko d/ ;o{gK Bz{ ns/
T[gG'r d/ e[M ;o{gK Bz{ o'edh j?. fJj d/fynk frnk j? fe noEftt;Ek, gqPk;B ns/ ;z;feqfse ezweki

253

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY