Page 264 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN j' rJ/ jB. fgzvK ft~u okiBhfse Pesh dk e/Ado p[I[orK dh EK ;kj{eko, tgkoh, fIzwhAdko ns/ nfXekohnK
d/ j~EK ft~u nk frnk j?. dqtheoD B/ th nB/eK ;w~f;nktK Bz{ iBw fd~sk j?. fJ; Bkb G{wh d/ w[~bK ft~u
Gkoh T[sko^uVkt g?dk j' rJ/ jB, ykd gdkoEK d/ w[~bK ft~u ft;sko ehsk frnk j?, dqt Gqw (money
illusions) nfXe g?dk eo fd~sk frnk j? ns/ r?o^ykd gdkoEK T[Zs/ nfXe nB[gks ft~u you/ Bz{ T[s;kfjs
ehsk frnk j?. fJBK ysfonK s'A fJbktk dqtheoD dh noEftt;Ek Bkb ftnesh gfotko nzdo j'o
J/ekeh (atomistic) j[zdk ik fojk j?. ns/ gfotko ;zpzXK dk ftBkP j' fojk j?. fJ; gqeko fJBK fszBK
gqfeqnktK (T[d:'rheoD, eko'pkoheoD ns/ dqtheoD) B/ nDfrDs ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK Bz{ iBw fd~sk
j?.

14H2H6 Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
14H2H6 Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
14H2H6 Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
14H2H6 Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
14H2H6 Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
i/eo n;hA fpqfNP ekb d/ Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; dh s[bBk Bfjo{ :[r (brGr 20 ;kb gfjbK),
fJzdhok^okiht :[r (thj ;kb), ns/ fgSb/ S/ ;kbK (thH ghH f;zx, uzdoP/yo ns/ Bof;zj okU) dh s[bBk
eohJ/ sK n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe ;[szsosk s'A pknd dk nkofEe ftek; fJ~e eqKshekoh gfotosB j?. fpqfNP
n"gfBt/fPe Pk;B ekb d/ d' ;" ;kbK ft~u (1757^1947) nkofEe ftek; 1# s'A th x~N fojk. fJj J/
Bk dfJnk:'r ;h fe fJ; B/ Gkos Bz{ f;oc e~u/ wkb dh g{osh eoD tkbk jh pDk e/ o~y fbnk ns/ Gkos
g~Sw bJh e/tb fBo:ks pIko jh pD e/ ofj frnk. T[d:'fre y/so fpqfNP g{zih d/ nXhB j' frnk ns/
i' T[d:'fre y/so dk Gkr Gkostk;hnK d/ j~EK ft~u ;h, Uj th fpqfNP J/iz;hnK d[nkok gqpzX ehsk ikdk
;h. y/sh noEftt;Ek ft~u ftukok fe;kB fIwhAdkoK ns/ ;kj{ekoK d/ ikb ft~u c; frnk. pus ns/
fBt/P (investment) pj[s x~N ;h. T[d:'rheoD fBwB ;so dk ;h. fgSV/ y/soK d/ ftek; d[nkok
gqd/fPe ;zs[bB o~yD dh e'Jh ftukoXkok BjhA ;h. Gkos d/ fBowkD ezwK bJh ftd/Ph g{zih T[gbpX
BjhA ;h. x~N t/sB Bkb pus th x~N jh j[zdh ;h fi; Bkb fBwB fBt/P, fBwB ftek; eqw ns/ fBwB
t/sB j[zdk ;h. rohph d/ e[u~eo dk f;XKs ns/ fBokPk dh ewh ysw Bk j'D tkbk u~eo n"gfBt/Pe ekb
dh noEftt;Ek d/ T[g:[es jh ;h.
;[szsosk s'A pknd BthA ;oeko dh ;wM ft~u d' ezw ;BL n"gfBt/Pe noEftt;Ek dk ftBkP ns/ T[;
dh EK s/ nkX[fBe, ;[szso ns/ nksw^fBoGo noEftt;Ek d/ fBowkD bJh nkXko fsnko eoBk. d/P dh
BthB noEftt;Ek ns/ okPNotkd dk d;skt/I (blue print) ;wki dk ;wkitkdh ;o{g 1955 d/ eKro;
npkVh nfXt/PB (Bfjo{ :[r ft~u) d[nkok ns/ 1969 d/ pzrb"o nfXt/PB (fJzdhok :[r) d[nkok T[gbpX
eotkfJnk frnk. fJ; s~E s'A fJBeko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fe Bfjo{ wkvb d/ ;wkitkd B/ ;kvh
noEftt;Ek Bz{ uko dPkpdhnK^1950, 1960, 1970 ns/ 1980 ft~u ekch ;[Xko fd~sk, ukj/ fJ~e nfijh
ftukoXkok th j? i' fJ; dk yzvB eod/ j'J/ efjzdh j? fe fJ; noEftt;Ek dk gqdoPB skJhtkB, EkJhb?Av,
jKr^eKr, f;zrkg[o, d~yD e'ohnk nkfd dh noEftt;Ek dh s[bBk ft~u e[M th BjhA. j[D ;kv/ e'b b~yK
dh ;zfynk ft~u T[d:'rK d/ nkX[fBe T[geqw jB i' gfjbK e/tb w[~mhGo jh ;B. j[D ;kv/ e'b T[d:'r ;zpzXh
ns/ seBheh e[PbsktK dk Gzvko j?. ;kv/ e'b fGbkJh, o[oe/bk fijhnK t~vhnK iB^:'iBktK jBl jhoke[zv
fij/ t~v/ pzB jBl ftek;Phb ;z;ko ft~u ;kv/ e'b ;ot^T[Zu pus do j?.1990^94 ft~u ;kvh ftek; do
5# gqsh ;kb ;hl n;hA fBo:ks dh do Bz{ vkbo ft~u 17# gqsh ;kb pDk e/ o~fynk j?l gqtk;h (non-
resident) GkoshnK d[nkok iwk ehs/ XB ft~u thj r[Dk tkXk ehsk j?, nzsookPNoh w[dok pIko ft~u
n;kXkoD ftPtk; gqkgs ehsk j?. rohph dh o/yk s'A j/mK ofjD tkbh iB^;zfynk ft~u ewh (1980 ft~u
51# s'A 1994 ft~u 24#) th gqkgs ehsh j?. fJ; ftek; d/ pkti{d th fJj th fJ~e s~E j? fe ;kv/ ;kjwD/
w[dok ;fcsh (inflation) ns/ T[Zu/ eoI/ dhnK ;w~f;nktK th jB. 30,000 b~y vkbo s'A th T[Zgo tgko
xkN/ dk pekfJnk j? ns/ piN xkNk sK nopK ft~u j?.
gqw[~y noEPk;sohnK d/ nB[;ko thH ghH f;zx ns/ uzdoP/yo ;oekoK dhnK BhshnK B/ ;zB 1988 s'A 1991
s~e dh ntXh ft~u d/P dh noEftt;Ek Bz{ Bekokswe o{g Bkb gqGkfts ehsk ;h. Bof;zj okU B/ 1992
d/ nkozG ft~u ;wkitkdh ftt;Ek Bz{ fsnkr e/ fJ~e Bt/A wkvb dh noE^Bhsh nkozG ehsh i' T[dkoheoD,
pIkoheoD ns/ fBiheoD d/ doPB T[Zs/ nkXkfos ;h (fi; Bz{ j[D Bfjo{tkdh g{zihtkdh fejk ikdk j?).
eKro; ;oeko dk dktk j? fe fJ; Bkb ;kv/ nkofEe ftek; Bz{ pj[s bkG j't/rk. ;oeko dk wzBDk j? fe

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