Page 265 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJ; BthA Bhsh dk w{b s~s fJj j? fe fJj ;oekoh ns/ fBih d'jK jh T[ZdwK ft~u ftPtk; g?dk eo/rh BØN
ns/ fwPfos noEftt;Ek ns/ pj[^iBszso (plural democracy) ft~u ftPtk; tXkt/rh.
ngq?b 1992 d/ fso{gsh nfXt/PB ft~u eKro; B/ fJ~e BtK nkdoP ftukokswe gq;skt gkfos ehsk i'
fe e/Ado s'A y~p/ s'A e/Ado s'A ;~i/ Bz{ ;EkBKsoD dk ;h. Bfjo{ d/ BK s/ Bfjo{ Bz{ fsnkrD dh fJj soehp
;h. fJj BtK wkvb ftfGzB y/soK ft~u fd~sh rJh nkofEe wdd (subsidy) Bz{ e~NDk, gofwN bkJh;/A;
ysw eoBk, n?rfI;N (exist) Bhsh Bz{ bkr{ eoBk, d/P Bz{ pj[okPNoh ekog'o/PB bJh y'bDk, nk:ks
fB:zsoD jNkUDk nkfd fpzd{nK T[Zs/ fXnkB e/Adfos eodk j?. fJ; gqeko UBK d/ eEB T[Zgoh s"o s/
;wkitkdh pD/ oj/, id'A fe BhshnK d/ w{b ft~u g{zihtkdh GktBk dk T[d/ j' frnk j?.
nfij/ ftdtkB th jB i' fJj ftPtk; BjhA eod/ jB fe toswkB ;oeko dh nkofEe Bhsh n;b ft~u
Gkosh noEftt;Ek Bz{ g[Boihfts eo/rh. UBK dh wkBsk j? fe ;kvh noEftt;Ek fco s'A gDg ;edh
j? i/eo nk:ks T[Zs/ o'e brk fd~sh ikt/, fBo:ks Bz{ T[s;kfjs ehsk ikt/, N?e; ftt;Ek Bz{ ft;fsqs ehsk
ikt/, ekb/ XB Bz{ e~fYnk ikt/, o~fynk you/ ft~u eN"sh ehsh ikt/, gqkfeqfse ;kXBK d/ d'jD s/ fInkdk
fXnkB fd~sk ikt/, t;sK bJh t~vk pkIko pDkfJnk ikt/, G{wh ;[XkoK ft~u gfotosB fbnkUAdk ikt/ nkfd.
fJj ftdtkB fJj th ftPtk; eod/ jB fe d/P Bz{ nzdo{Bh ;kXBK T[Zs/ fBoGo ofjDk ukjhdk j? Bk fe
pkjoh ;kXBK T[Zs/.

;wkiPk;soh fdqPNhe'D s'A fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe nkofEe ftek; Bfjo{ ns/ T[dko wkvb d'tK B/ ;kvhnK
;wkfie ;zouBktK Bz{ ;kvh fJ~Sk d/ nB[;ko gqGkfts ehsk j?. n;hA nkgD/ ;wki d/ w[~bKeD bJh fe;/ th
;wkiPk;soh wkvb dk gq:'r eohJ/^ftek;tkdh (evolutionary) (;wki d/ T[dftek; Bz{ ftfGzB nt;EktK
ft~u o~yDk), ;zxoPtkdh (;~sk bJh w[ekpbk ns/ fBozso ;zxoP T[Zs/ pb), gqekoikswe (funtional)
(;wkfie ;zouBk ft~u jo fJ~e ;z;Ekrs fttjko d/ j'o ;G fJekJhnK bJh BshfinK dk ftPb/PD) nkfd.
fJ; s'A fJj ;gPN j't/rk fe ;wkfie ;zpzXK, ;z;EktK, ;wkfie ftt;EktK, ;wkfie ;zouBktK, ;wkfie
wkBdzvK nkfd ft~u gfotosB j' frnk j?. n~i Gkos d/ b'e UB/ o{Vhtkdh BjhA jB fizB/ fJ~e Pskpdh
gfjbK ;B. G{sekb s'A i' B?fse w[~b ns/ wkBdzv ;wki ft~u gqu~fbs ;B UBK d/ gqsh Uj e~Notkdh BjhA
jB. n~i b'e ftneshrs ;[szsosk bJh ns/ ftneshrs o{g Bkb ;zxoP eod/ jB ns/ ;w{fje ;[o~fynk
gqkgs eoD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. UBK d/ fdqPNhe'DK ns/ ftukoK ft~u th gfotosB nkfJnk j?. Uj nB[GtK
dh fJ~Sk eod/ jB. Uj j'o ;wkiK s'A Bk e/tb seBheh frnkB pbfe ;z;feqfse s~s th b?D dh e'fPP
eod/ jB. UBK ft~u BthBsk bJh ouBkswe fJ~Sk j?. Uj ;wkfie gfotosB d/ BshfinK s'A fuzfss BjhA
jB. Uj okiBhfse nfGiB d/ fto[ZX rohph T[Bw{bD nfGnkB dh n;cbsk ns/ p/ekoh, fGqPNkuko,
w[dok;fcsh, GkJh Gshiktkd, nkszetkd, ikshtkd ns/ y/sotkd nkfd Bz{ ysw eoD bJh nzd'bB eo ;ed/
jB. fco th Uj ikDd/ jB fe Gkos dh ;wkfie ftt;Ek ft~u n;zs[bB ed/ BjhA nk ;edk. Gkosh ;z;feqsh
o{uhnK ns/ fjsK dh ftftXsk d/ pkti{d Bk e/tb ihfts oj/rh pbfe ftef;s th j[zdh oj/rh.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' nkofEe ftek; d/ wkfXwn Bkb ;wkfie gfotosB, ;wkfie ;zouBktK ns/
fttjko Bz{ fdPk gqdkB eodk oj/rk, ukj/ fJj gfotosB gozgokswe (traditional)
gfotosB ;zpzXh (transitional) j't/.

;t^w[~bKeD
;t^w[~bKeD
;t^w[~bKeD
;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)
;t^w[~bKeD
1H ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks)^ ^^ ^
1H ykbh ;EkB Go' ^
1H ykbh ;EkB Go'
1H ykbh ;EkB Go'
1H ykbh ;EkB Go'
(i) ;zouBkswe fdqPNh Bkb HHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u gfotko pj[s j~d s~e ;z:[es BjhA j?.
(ii) 1951 s'A 1981 ftueko Broh iB;zfynk HHHHHHHHHHH tX rJh j?.
(iii) HHHHHHH B/ fejk ;h fe e'Jh th ftnesh Bk sK ;zs, Bk eth ns/ Bk jh gq/wh T[d'A s~e j' ;edk
j? id'A s~e fe T[; e'b e[M ykD Bz{ Bk j't/.

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