Page 262 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN ft~u, e'Jh th T[d:'r T[d'A s~e nkozG BjhA ehsk ik ;edk id'A s~e fe g{ot^fdqPNhe'DK, nkdsK ns/
;wkfie ;zrmB d/ ;o{g ft~u e[M gfotosB Bk j' u[ek j't/.
fJ~e j'o T[dkjoD fbnk ikt/ fi; Bz{ e/tb seBheh wzB fbnk ikt/. fJj wzBhJ/ fe fJ~e nfij/ G{wh ns/
gP{ XB wbehns tkb/ (Gkosh) ;w[dkJ/ dh T[sgkdesk ft~u tkXk eoBk j? i' nkgD/ y[d d/ T[gG'r iK
fteoh bJh d[~X, w~yD nkfd dk T[sgkdB ed/ BjhA eod/. fJj T[whd ehsh iKdh j? fe fJj ;w[dkJ/ Bk
e/tb fJBK t;sK d/ T[sgkdB dk nkg T[gG'r eo/rk pbfe e[M ckbs{ ns/ puhnK j'JhnK t;sK Bz{ pIko
ft~u t/u e/ nkgDk t/sB tXkUD dh th e'fPP eo/rk. nkozG ft~u sK nfijk b~r/rk fe fJ; ft~u e/tb
T[sgkdB d/ Bt/A sohfenK Bz{ nkozG eoD ns/ n"IkoK ns/ wPhBK d/ gq:'r dh ;w~f;nk nkt/rh, gqzs{ n;b
ft~u fJ; ft~u ;wkfie ftPtk;K ns/ gqEktK ft~u Gkoh gfotosB dh r~b fBfjs j?. fJj wzB bt' fe n;hA
e/tb fJj ftuko eohJ/ fe fJ; gqeko d/ seBheh gfotosB Bz{ feqnkPhb eoD bJh fejV/ d{orkwh ;wkfie
gfotosB fbnkUD/ j'Dr/. t/sB d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ft~u gP{nK dk T[g:'r (G{wh wbehns s'A fJbktk) ;w[dkJ/
dh ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;zouBk ft~u w"fbe gfotosB dh g{ot ebgBk eodk j?. ;w[dkJ/ d/ w?ApoK d/
gozgokrs w[~bK ft~u th g[Boftuko Io{oh j?. fJ; bJh gozgokrs ftPtk;K ft~u fJ; gfotosB dh
g{ot^ebgBk eoBk Io{oh j? fe fe; d/ d[nkok ns/ fet/A G{wh T[Zs/ y/sh ehsh ikt/ noEks n"osK iK wodK
d[nkok ns/ nkgD/ nkg bJh ezw eo oj/ ftneshnK d[nkok iK d{finK d[nkok. fJ; Bkb fttjko d/
Bt/A ;o{gK ns/ fdqPNhe'DK d/ g?dk j'D dk g{ot^nB[wkB ehsk ik ;edk j? i' ;w[dkJ/ d/ nkg;h ns/
;wkfie ;zpzXK Bz{ fB:fws eoDr/. fJBK d/ Bkb nfij/ ;w{jK d/ T[d/ j'D dh th g{ot^XkoDk j? i'
Bk f;oc v/oh T[sgkdB ft~u o{uh b?Dr/ gqzs{ BthB T[sgkdeK bJh :ksk:ks, ftsoD, ft~s, gqpzX ns/
wkoehN s'A yohdD ns/ t/uD ;zpzXh ezwK ft~u th ;jkfJe j'Dr/. fJ; d/ bJh okiBhfse ;zouBk^;EkfBe,
gqKse ns/ okPNoh^ dh ;EkgBk dh th Io{os j't/rh i' fe ;zg{oe (complementary) nkofEe
feqnktK dh ;EkgBk bJh T[g:[es j't/rh. fJ; s'A fJbktk fJ; r~b dh th g{ot^XkoDk Io{oh j't/rh
fe ;w[dkJ/ UBK t?XkfBe, okiBhfse ns/ gqPk;fBe ;z;EktK d/ ftek; dh nkfrnk d/t/rk i' UBK
ftneshnK d/ nfXekoK ns/ eos~tK ft~u skbw/b eoD bJh Io{oh j'DrhnK i' BthA nkg;^;fj:'rh
noEftt;Ek Bkb rq;s jB.
;wkfie ;w^nk:'iB dh fJ; bzph ;{uh dk T[d/P fJj do;kUDk j? fe fi; gfotosB Bz{ n;hA seBheh
gfotosB ejhJ/, Uj ;w[~u/ ;wkfie YKu/ d/ nB/e w'ofunK T[Zs/ go;go fBoXkfos (mutually
determined) ns/ fBoXkoe (determining) ftek; dhnK gqfeqnktK dk e/tb fJ~e gfjb{ j?. fJ; ;zdoG
ft~u fJj ;[fBPfus eoD dh e'fPP p/eko j't/rh fe fejVk gfotosB BthB ns/ ekoD j? ns/ fejVk gqGkt
j?. cq/Ae/b B/ fejk j? fe j[D n;hA fJ~e gfotosB Bz{ ekoD ns/ d{i/ Bz{ gqGkt d/ o{g ft~u b?Ad/ jK, sK n;hA
gfotosB dh gqfeqnk Bz{ e/tb ftftX fpzd{nK s'A d/yd/ jK.

B'N; nkofEe ftek; ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB d't/A nkg;h fBoGo j[zd/ jB, noEks jo fJ~e fJ~e
d{i/ dk ekoD ns/ Bshik d't/A j[zd/ jB.

14H2H5
14H2H5 nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK
14H2H5 nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK
14H2H5
14H2H5 nkofEe ftek; dhnK ;wkiPk;soh ;w~f;nktK
;zouBkswe gfotosB s'A fpBK nkofEe ftek; ;zGt BjhA j?. f;zro fij/ ftdtkBK B/ wzfBnk j? fe
nftef;s d/PK ft~u nkofEe ftek; bJh T[d:'rheoD pj[s Io{oh j?. rohp nftef;s d/PK ft~u 60#
s'A 80# iB;zfynk y/sh ft~u b~rh j'Jh j?. UBK d/PK dk okPNoh t/sB ns/ gqsh ftnesh t/sB nfsnzs
fBwB j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh nfij/ d/PK d/ nkofEe ftek; bJh d' jh ftebg ofj iKd/ jBL (i) toswkB
y/sh gqXkB YKu/ ft~u ;[Xko eo e/ (noEks toswkB YKu/ d/ nzsors fBwB T[sgkdB Bz{ tXk e/) ns/ (ii)
;w[~u/ YKu/ Bz{ pdb e/, noEks y/sh s'A jN e/ T[d:'fre ftek; bJh br ikDk. fBPuk fJj eoBk j? fe
fejVk ftebg u[B"shg{oD j?. ;jh ftXh fJj j? fe d'jK T[Zs/ jh pb fd~sk ikt/.

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