Page 260 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN ft~u fB:zsoD d/ pj[s ;ko/ gd Gkos ft~u e[M jh ikshnK d/ J/ekfXeko (monopoly) ft~u jB. n;b
ft~u, e[M jh ikshnK Gkos d/ b'eK d/ Gkr Bz{ fB:zsfos eodhnK jB fi; Bkb y/soh ns/ iksh sBkt ns/
;wkfie nPKsh T[sgzB j[zdh j?. fJjh nPKsh ftP/PkfXeko gqkgs ;w{jK (privileged groups) ft~u
nkgD/ nkg ft~u ns/ UBK d/ ns/ nbg ftP/PkfXfeqs d/ ft~u e"V/ w[ekpb/ tkb/ ;zxoP Bz{ ihfts o~ydh j?
ns/ fJ; dk ekoD th j?. ;t;E okPNoh noEftt;Ek T[Zs/ fJ; dk T[bNk gqGkt g?Adk j?.
fJ~e d{ik ;wkiPk;soh gqGkt fJj th j? fe fgSVhnK j'JhnK fBPmktK ;wki ft~u iwhnK ofjzdhnK jB
fiBK d/ cb;o{g r[Ntkd (factionalism) ns/ Gkosh iB dk M{m/ jzeko tkb/ S'N/ S'N/ ;w{jK ft~u ftGkiB
j[zdk j? i' fe ftef;s okPNoh u/sBk bJh jkBhekoe j?. e[M gqeko dhnK fBPmktK (iksh fBPmk s'A fJbktk)
i' Gkos ft~u ;dk pDhnK ofjzdhnK jB Uj jBL Bks/dkoh fBPmk, y/soh gfjukD ns/ Xkofwe brkt.
fJ; gqeko d/ ftGkiB ;wki ft~u J/esk dh GktBk Bz{ ns/ ;wki d/ w?ApoK ftueko gfjukD ft~u o'e brkUAd/
jB. nfij/ gfonktoD ft~u gkfJnk ikD tkbk nkdoPkswe dpkn (normative pressure) ftnesh d/
fttjko ns/ ;zpzXK T[Zs/ th gqshe{b gqGFkt gkUAdk j?.
d/;kJh dk wzBDk j? fe fJj ;zehoD ;EkfBe wkBf;esk (parochial mentality) g[okD/ gqeko dhnK ;z;EktK
d/ Bkb eJh gqeko Bkb nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektN g?dk eodh j?L (i) fJj GkJh Gshiktkd (nepotism)
Bz{ gq's;kjB fdzdh j?l (ii) fJj nD^T[sgkde fBt/P (investment) ns/ rbs T[gG'r d/ ;o{gK fijhnK
jkBhekoe gqEktK Bz{ g?dk eodh j? l (iii) fJ; Bkb ezw, ekoi e[Pbsk, eko'pko ns/ ;kXBK dh tzv
(allocation) d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'D ft~u fteqsh g?dk j[zdh j?.l (iv) fJj UBK wkBsktK ns/ b'e ohshnK
(mors) d/ ftek; ft~u o[ektN T[sgzB eodh j? i' fe nkX[fBe ;w/A dh nkofEe ftek; dhnK w{b Io{osK
jB, fit/A ekBz{B T[Zs/ nkXkfos b'eohshnK ns/ nB[Pk;shnK (sanctions), ftnefs~st bJh nkdo ns/
;wkB Bkrfoesk dk ftuko.
:'r/Ado f;zx (1973) B/ Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; ft~u o[ektNK fJ; gqeko d~;hnK jBL (i) nB[Gtkshssk
(transcendence) (fi; d/ nB[;ko gkozgfoe w[~bK dh t?Xsk Bz{ u[B"sh BjhA fd~sh ik ;edh), (ii) g{oDsk
(holism) (fi; d/ nB[;ko ftnesh ns/ ;wki (;w{j) ftueko ;zpzX fJ; gqeko dk gkfJnk iKdk j? fe
ftnesh nkgD/ fjs, nfXeko ns/ fJ~SktK Bz{ ;wki efbnkD s'A j/mK o~ydk j?. fJ; dk noE ftnesh
dh s[bBk ft~u ;w{jtkd Bz{ gfjb d/Dk th j?). (iii) ;z;soD (iksh eko'pko ns/ ;wkfie gq;fEsh ft~u
;soheoD) (iv) fBozsosk (eow ns/ g[BoiBw ft~u ftPtk; nkfd).
14H2H3
14H2H3 nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktK
14H2H3 nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktK
14H2H3 nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktK nkofEe ftek; dhnK nt;EktK
14H2H3
o';N/t B/ nkofEe ftek; dhnK gzi nt;EktK d~;hnK jBL (i) gozgokswe ;wki (ii) T[ZEkB (iii) T[ZEkB
o';N/t
o';N/t
o';N/t
o';N/t
(nkozG) (iv) seBheh gfog~esk dh gqftq~sh (v) T[Zu iB^T[gG'r.
gozgokswe ;wki w{b o{g ft~u y/sh^gqXkB j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ w?Apo Gkrtkdh, nzXftPtk;h ns/ pkjoh ;z;ko
gqsh e'o/ j[zd/ jB. nfij/ ;wki ft~u gfotko, iksh, fgzv iK fBqiksh (ethnic) ;w{j dh fBPmk dh fJekJh
j[zd/ jB.gozgokswe (y/sh) ;w[dkJ/ nkswfBoGo BjhA j[zd/, pbfe pIko bJh, Xow bJh, doPB bJh th
ns/ ;oeko bJh th e;fpnK iK PfjoK T[Zs/ fBoGo ofjzd/ jB feUAfe fJBK ;w[dktK ft~u nrtkJh dk
ftek; x~N jh j[zdk j?. fe;kBK bJh fBoD/ pkjo s'A ehs/ iKd/ jB. pj[s tko Uj fJj th BjhA ikD gkUAd/
fe fJj fBoD/ fe; soK ns/ UBK bJh feUA bJ/ rJ/ jB. ukj/ Uj pj[s e'fPPK th eod/ jB, fco th
Uj fBoD/ ft~u pkjoh gqGkt s'A w[es BjhA j' gkUAd/. fJ; Bkb Bk e/tb ihtB d/ gqsh Gkrtkdh
(fatalistic) fdqPNhe'D dk iBw j[zdk j? pbfe pkjoh b'eK gqsh P~e ns/ Bt/A ftukoK d/ gqsh ;soesk th
g?dk j[zdh j?. pkjoh ;z;ko d/ gqsh nftPtk; UBK Bz{ UBK d/ gV";hnK Bkb BjhA i[VB fdzdk. ft;fsqs
gfotko nkgD/ nkg Bz{ gV";hnK dh p/JhwkBh s'A pukUD ft~u b~frnk ofjzdk j?. gozgokswe ;wki d/ nzdo
J/esk dk fJj fJ~e yzv (segment) j?. fJ; (gozgokswe) ;wki ft~u ;kXBK d/ ;hfws j'D, ftP/P o{g
Bkb G{wh d/ ;hfws j'D d/ ekoD T[sgkdB th ;hfws j[zdk j?.
T[; s'A pknd j"bh j"bh gfotosB dh gqfeqnk nkozG j[zdh j?. fJ; nt;Ek ft~u T[ZEkB (take off) dhnK
g{ot^dPktK dk ftek; ehsk ikdk j?. nkw s"o s/ fJj g{ot^dPktK ftef;s ;wki d[nkok pkjo s'A x[;g?m
d/ ekoD g?dk j[zdhnK jB. fJj x[;g?m BthB ftukoK ns/ GktBktK Bz{ gq/fos eod/ jB ns/ b'e ftPtk;

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