Page 270 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN ftnesh Bz{ i' j'o T[Zuk gd gqkgs eoD dh fJ~Sk o~ydk j?, T[Zuh gqfsPmk d/ gqsheK s'A bkG T[mkUD
d/ nfXe nt;o gqdkB eodh j?. T[Zuh gqfsPmk d/ gqsheK fit/A nkeoPe e~gV/ gkUDk, nkgD/
p'b^ukb ns/ nkuoD ft~u ;[Xko eoBk, d/ d[nkok Uj T[Zu/ ;EkBK T[Zs/ b~r/ ftneshnK dh
;thfeqsh gqkgs eo ;edk j? ns/ UBK Bz{ gqGkfts eo ;edk j? ns/ nzs ft~u, fJBK ;zgoeK d[nkok
nkgD/ fJ~fSs T[d/PK dh gqkgsh eo ;edk j?.
4H fttjko dk wkDeheoD (Standardisation of behaviour)L Pfjoh ihtB ftnesh s'A T[; d/
fttjko dk wkDeheoD eoD dh T[whd eodk j? i' nzs ft~u T[; Bz{ ns/ d{finK Bz{ (fiBK d/ ;zgoe
ft~u Uj nkUAdk j?) fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ ;wMD ft~u wdd eodk j? ns/ nkg;h ;zpzXK Bz{ ;ob pDkUAdk j?.
T[dkjoD bJh, fJ~e d[ekBdko s'A rqkjeK dk sKsk fJ~e jh gqeko d/ gqPB g[~Sdk j?. rqkje fco
fePsK ft~u tzv iKd/ jB^ftnesh i' Gkn dk s'b^w'b eodk j?, ftnesh i' r[Dt~sk (quality)
ukj[zdk j?, ftnesh i' uhIK d/ydk j? gqzs{ T[; dk yohdD dk e'Jh fJokdk BjhA j[zdk nkfd. nB[Gth
d[ekBdko ibdh jh fJj ;wM iKdk j? fe Uj fe; fe;w d/ rqkje Bkb fBpN fojk j? ns/ Uj
nfijh t/uD dh oDBhsh dk gq:'r eodk j? fi; Bkb T[; ftP/P fe;w d/ rqkje bJh ;G s'A fInkdk
gqGkth ;wMdk j?. fJj d[ekBdko ns/ rqkje d'jhK dh fteqh dh ekotkJh ;obsk ns/ ibd Yzr Bkb
eoD ft~u ;jkfJe j[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko dhnK wkDfes (standardized) T[whdK ns/ fttjko Pfjoh
ihtB d/ nzr jB. pIko, ebp, o/;soK, p;K, nypko, NhH thH ns/ ;e{b$ekbi nfXeKP
wkDfes fu~so gqdofPs eod/ jB. i/eo fJ~e ftnesh fJ; gqeko d/ ihtB ft~u BjhA Yb gkUAdk
j? sK Uj nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nb~r wfj;{; eodk j? ns/ T[; d/ ;kjwD/ ;kwzi; dh ;w~f;nk nkUAdh j?.
Bro dh iB;zfynk dk t~vk nkeko fttjko d/ wkDeheoD T[Zs/ ftP/P pb fdzdk j? gqzs{ fJ; dk fJj
noE BjhA j[zdk fe ftneshrs nfGw[yheoDK ft~u fGzBsk (divergence in individual
orientations) ;zGt BjhA j?.
;ko'feB ns/ fiwow/B B/ Pfjoh ;wkfie ftt;Ek dhnK fBwBKfes ftP/PsktK dh gfjukD ehsh j?L
1H r?o^y/sh eko'pko (Non-agricultural occupation)L g/Av{ noE ftt;Ek dk w[~y nkXko y/sh j?,
tgko ns/ T[d:'r Pfjoh noE ftt;Ek dk nkXko jB. eko'pko dh fGzBsk fJj ;[fBPfus eodh
j? fe g/Av{ gqkfeqfse tksktoD ft~u ezw eod/ jB fi; ft~u rowh, ;odh nkfd Bz{ nfGBt
gfotosB tkbhnK gqthDsktK (innovative skills) Bkb fB:zsfos ehsk iKdk j?. i/w; ftbhnw;
(1958) d/ nB[;ko pDktNh tksktoD ft~u ezw eoD Bkb ftneshnK d/ ftuko ns/ fttjkoK d/
;o{g gqGkfts j[zd/ jB. fJ; gqeko eko'pkoh fGzBsktK d/ ekoD Pfjoh y/soK ft~u ;kBz{ T[dko ns/
o{Vhtkdh, nkX[fBe ns/ gozgoktkdh ns/ n;wkfie ns/ ;wkfie ftnesh fwbd/ jB.
2H iB;zfynk dk nkeko (Size of population)L Pfjoh ;w[dkJ/ g/Av{ ;w[dktK d/ w[ekpb/ pj[s nfXe
t~v/ j[zd/ jB. fJ~e gk;/ B"eoh d/ w"fenK dh T[gbpXsk ns/ d{i/ gk;/ G"fse ns/ f;~fyne, fufes;k
ns/ wB'oziB dhnK ;[ftXktK ftneshnK Bz{ PfjoK t~b nkeofPs eod/ jB.

3H iB;zfynk dk ;zxDkgD (Density of population)L fgzvK ft~u ftneshnK Bz{ nkgD/ y/sh d/
XzfdnK dk fBohyD eoD bJh nkgD/ y/sK e'b ofjDk g?Adk j?. gqzs{ Pfjoh y/soK ft~u ftneshnK dk
nktk; UBK d/ dcsoK, pIkoK, p~funK d/ ;e{b$ekb/i nkfd d/ ;EkB s/ fBoGo j[zdk j?. fJ;/ ekoD
UBK y/soK ft~u fi~E/ fJBK ;[ftXktK dh pj[bsk j? iB;zfynk nfXe ;zxDh (density) j[zdh j?.
Gkos ft~u iB;zfynk dh n";s xDsk gqsh torwhb wjKBroK ft~u 3,000 ns/ 5,000 ftneshnK
d/ ft~u j[zdh j?. fJ; nfXe xDsk d/ nkgD/ ckfJd/ ns/ B[e;kB jB. bkG sK fJj jB fe ;wkfie
;zgoe tXd/ jB, ;G Io{oh ;[ftXktK ;obsk Bkb gqkgs j' iKdhnK jB ns/ fw~soK d/ u[Bkt Bkb
;zpzX n"gukfoe ns/ nftnefse j[zd/ jB ns/ UBK d/ wkBf;e sBkt tX iKd/ jB.
4H gfonktoD (Environment)L poBkov (1971) B/ uko gqeko d/ gfonktoD dk T[b/y ehsk j?L
gfjbk, G"fse (ibtk:{)l d{ik, i?fte (ikBto)l ns/ o[~y^g"X/, shik, ;wkfie, ;ohfoe^;wkfie
(physio-social) (wPhBK, ebg[oI/, T[geoD) ns/ wB'ftfrnkfBe^;wkfie (ohsh^fotkI,

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