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fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
j[zdh j?. Pqw pIko ft~u fbzr ft:'iB d/ gqshpzXK d/ ekoD n"osK dh gqftq~sh eko'pkoK d/ dkfJo/ ft~u ezw BØN
eoD dh j[zdh j? ns/ fJBK eko'pkoK ft~u gqfsPmk ns/ wId{oh th x~N j[zdh j?. n"osK nkw s"o s/ nfXnkgB,
Bof;zr, ;wkfie ezw fbfge ns/ eboeK d/ o[Irko Bz{ fInkdk ukj[zdhnK jB^fiBK ft~u gqfsPmk x~N j[zdh
j? ns/ wId{oh th x~N fwbdh j?. UBK n"osK Bz{ th, i' eko'pkoh f;~fynk gkUD ft~u nkUD tkbhnK o[ektNK
Bz{ th gko eo b?AdhnK jB, gqshe{b ;fEshnK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk j? feUAfe UBK Bz{ eko'pkoh ihtB^ftq~sh
ns/ xo d/ w[ekpb/ Bkb th wzrK Bkb nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nB[e{b pDkUD ft~u efmBkJh nkUAdh j?.
n"osK bJh nfttkfjs ofjDk iK ftnkj ns/ ihtB^ftq~sh Bz{ fwPfos (combine) eoBk fJ~e w[Pfeb ezw
j?. fJ; nkw T[whd s'A fJbktk fe ;G gsBhnK Bz{ uzrh rqfjDh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fJj th gkfJnk iKdk j?
fe Io{os g?D s/ n"osK Bz{ nkgDh ihtB^ftq~sh fsnkrD Bz{ fejk iKdk j?. ns/ fJ; gqeko UBK d/ gshnK
dh ihtB^ftq~sh d/ w[ekpb/ UBK dh ihtB^ftq~sh Bz{ r"D ;wfMnk ikdk j?. fJ; Bkb n"osK ft~u e[zmktK g?dk
j' iKdhnK jB ns/ e[M wkwfbnK ft~u fJ; Bkb wkBf;e fpwkohnK th j' ikdhnK jB. gqzs{ g/Av{ n"osK
Bz{ nfijhnK fpwkohnK dk ;kjwDk BjhA eoBk g?Adk.
fJ; s'A fJbktk fJj th d/fynk frnk j? fe Gkos ft~u bVehnK dh T[Zu ;so dh f;~fynk x~N S'N/ nkeko
tkb/ gfotko Bkb wj~stg{oD Yzr Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. ukj/ f;~fynk B/ n"osK dh ftnkj dh T[wo tXk fd~sh
j? ns/ iBw do Bz{ x~N eo fd~sk j? fco th fJ; Bkb dj/I d/ Bkb gkozgfoe ;o{g tkbh s?nP[dk
(arranged) ftnkjK ft~u e'Jh w{bG{s gfotosB BjhA j'fJnk j?. wkorq/N ekow/e B/ ftPtfdnkb/ d/ 500
ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nfXn?B s'A fJj gsk ehsk fe bVehnK ekb/i ikD ns/ bVfenK Bkb fwbD^i[bD bJh
fsnko ;B gqzs{ Uj nkgDk ftnkj nkgD/ wksk fgsk d[nkok s?n eokUDk ukj[zdhnK ;B. n"osK Bt/A w"e/
ukj[zdhnK jB gqzs{ fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb Uj nkgDhnK g[okDhnK ;[o~fynktK dh th wzr eodhnK jB. Uj nkgDh
BthA BthA ;[szsosk Bz{ g;zd eodhnK jB, gqzs{ g[okD/ w[~bK Bz{ th pDk e/ o~yDk ukj[zdhnK jB.
sbke ns/ g[Bo^ftnkj Bt/A s~E jB fiBK Bz{ n;hA Pfjoh n"osK ft~u gkUAd/ jK. n~i n"osK ekBz{Bh o{g
Bkb ftnkj^ft~S/d eoD ft~u nfXe gfjb eodhnK jB i/eo UBK Bz{ ftnkj s'A pknd ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs
eoBk w[Pfeb brdk j?. j?okBh dh r~b fJj j? fe t~vh ;zfynk ft~u sbke n"osK d[nkok n;zs[bB ns/
wkBf;e :ksBk d/ nkXko s/ wzfrnk ikdk j?.
okiBhfse o{g Bkb Pfjoh n"osK n~ie~b nfXe ;feqn jB. UBK n"osK dh ;zfynk i' u[Bkt bVdhnK jB,
jo ;so s/ tXh j?. Uj wj~stg{oD okiBhfse gdK T[Zs/ ;~sko{V jB ns/ ;[szso okiBhfse ftukoXkoktK
o~ydhnK jB. fJ; gqeko fJj Bshik e~fYnk ik ;edk j? fe fi~E/ g/Av{ n"osK nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie o{g
Bkb g[oPK T[Zs/ fBoGo jB, Pfjoh n"osK s[bBkswe o{g Bkb nfXe ;[szso jB.

Nk;e BroK ft~u n"osK dh eh ;fEsh j?<

L
PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB
PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB (Urbanization and Village Life)L L L L fgSbh n~Xh Pskpdh s'A ;kv/ d/
PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB
PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB
PfjoheoD ns/ g/Av{ ihtB
P ft~u Pfjoh ftek; d/ ekoD g/Av{ ftneshnK dk nfij/ Pfjoh y/soK ft~u nge/Adoh (centrifugal)
gbkfJB j'fJnk j? fi~E/ gj[zuD bJh iBT[g:'rh ;/tktK nk;kBh Bkb T[gbpX ;B. eJh ftnesh PfjoK
ft~u fJ; bJh rJ/ feUAfe T[ZE/ o[Irko T[gbpX ;B. i' ni/ th fgzvK ft~u t;/ jB, UBK Bz{ Pfjoh ihtB
dhnK ;[ftXktK T[gbpX jB ukj/ Uj Pfjoh e/AdoK s'A whbK d{o jB. tXhnk okiwkor, p;K ns/ w'NoK,
o/vhU, N?bhftIB ns/ nypko g/Av{nK Bz{ Pfjoh o[Irko, ns/ Pfjoh nktk; ns/ g/Av{ ;zgoe B/ Bk e/tb
;wkfie ;o{gK ft~u e[M gfotosB ehs/ jB gqzs{ ihtB dh fJ~e BthA P?bh Bkb ;zs[bB th ;Ekfgs ehsk
j?. g/Av{nK Bz{ j[D Pfjoh ihtB pko/ nfXe ikDekoh j? ns/ T[; Bkb Uj fJzB/ nfXe gqGkfts j'J/ jB fe
j[D Uj iksh, Xow nkfd Bz{ fInkdk wj~st BjhA fdzd/. Uj nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D ft~u nfXe T[dko j' rJ/
jB. Uj j[D nbrkt BjhA o~yd/. eJh fe;kBK B/ y/sh dhnK BthAnK g~XshnK ngDk bJhnK jB. Bk
e/tb UBK d/ w[~bK ns/ fJ~SktK ft~u gfotosB nkfJnk j? gqzs{ UBK d/ fttjko ft~u th gfotosB j'fJnk

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