Page 271 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
gozgoktK, ;z;EktK nkfd) ns/ u"Ek, fwPfos (nkofEe, okiBhfse ns/ f;~fynk gqDkbhnK). BØN
Pfjoh tksktoD nfXe gqd{fPs j[zdk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk feUAfe Uj f;~fynk ;z;EktK Bkb fxfonk
j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh nfXe f;~fyne j[zdk j?, fJ; ekoD Pfjo ft~u ofjD tkbk ftnesh fInkdk
ftt/eh, Xow^fBog~y ns/ gqsh:'rh (competitive) gqfeqsh dk j[zdk j?.

5H ;wkfie ftG/dheoD (Social diferentiation)L Pfjoh y/soK ft~u ftneshnK ft~u eko'pkoK,
Xow, tor, ihtB ;soK ns/ ;wkfie ftPtk;K d/ nkXko s/ G/d ehsk iKdk j?. fco th Uj fJ~e
d{i/ s/ fBoGo j[zd/ jB ns/ ekoios ;zg{oD fJekJh (functioning whole) d/ o{g ft~u ezw eod/
jB.
6H ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Social mobility)L Pfjoh y/so ;wkfie gqfsPmk ft~u gfotosB fbnkUD d/
w"e/ gqdkB eod/ jB, fi; d/ ekoD fgzvK dh s[bBk ft~u PfjoK ft~u nfXe T[Zgorkwh (upward)
rshPhbsk j[zdh j?.rshPhbsk ;wsb (horizontal) iK T[dw (vertical) j' ;edh j?. ;wkfie
rshPhbsk s'A fJbktk ;kBz{ Pfjoh y/soK ft~u G{r"fbe rshPhbsk th fwbdh j?.
7H ;wkfie nzsofeqnk (Social interaction)L Pfjoh fBtk;hnK ft~u ;zpzX d'rb/ ns/ nftnefse
j[zd/ jB. ftnesh nkgD/ ftPtk;K ns/ ftukoXkoktK dh pikJ/ j'o ftneshnK dh gqfsPmk ns/
gqthDsktK d/ gqsh nfXe fuzfss ofjzd/ jB. fB:zsoD J/Bk n"gukfoe j[zdk j? fe eJh tko Uj
ftufbs fttjko Bz{ T[sgzB eo fdzdk j?.
8H ;wkfie J/ekswesk (Social solidarity)L g/Av{ y/soK ft~u :Ksfoe (mechanical) ;wkfie
J/ekswesk dh s[bBk ft~u Pfjoh y/soK ft~u ;kt:fte (organic) ;wkfie J/ekswesk j[zdh j?.
nfijh J/ekswesk ft~u ukj/ jo fJ~e dh nkgDh ftnefsesk ns/ ftnefs~st j[zd/ jB, fco th
Uj d{finK T[Zs/ UBK dhnK ftfPPN G{fwektK d/ ekoD nfXe fBoGo ofjzdk j?.
Bkrfosk dhnK ftP/PsktK d/ T[go'es fttoD s'A nfijk wfj;{; j[zdk j? fe fit/A PfjoK ft~u ftneshrs
;zpzX, gqkoEfwe ;w{j ns/ ;wkfie xfDPmsk j[zdh jh BjhA. i/eo ikD^p[~M e/ ftef;s ehshnK rJhnK
;z;EktK ftneshnK dhnK Io{osK Bza{ g{ohnK eodhnK jB sK gqkoEfwe ;w{j th w?ApoK d/ iBw d/ nkXko
T[Zs/ gqt/P fdzd/ jB. gqkoEfwe ;w{j d/ w?Apo fJ~e d{i/ d/ fwb/ i[b/ fjsK d/ ekoD nkg; ft~u pzB/ ofjzd/
jB. UBK d/ ;zpzX fInkdk Gktkswe ns/ GktgqtD (interense) j[zd/ jB. gqkoEfwe ;w{j ft~u fJ~e w?Apo
d'rb/ ;w{jK ft~u ftP/P ezw eoD d/ ftgohs ftftX ezw eodk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, fJ~e gfotko ft~u wK,
p~funK ns/ gfotko d/ w?ApoK bJh o;'Jhnk, Bo;, B?fse f;~fyne ns/ sBktK d/ gqpzXe d/ o{g ft~u ezw
eodh j?. ukj/ ;wkfie gfotosB B/ gfotko, gV'; ns/ j'o ftneshnK d/ ;w{jK d/ pzXB ewI'o eo fd~s/
jB, fco th fJBK ;w{jK dk g[okD/ sohfenK Bkb ezw eoBk fpbe[b ysw BjhA j'fJnk j? ns/ w{b ;zpzX
th b[gs BjhA j'J/ jB. gfotko ft~u Io{oh G{fwektK fBGkUDk, gV'; ft~u ;wkfie ;fjGkfrsk Bz{ pDk e/
o~yDk, iksh d/ ;kotifBe wkwfbnK ft~u Pkfwb j'Dk ns/ nkgD/ ;zpzXhnK ns/ fw~soK dh ;jkfJsk d/ ;o's
d/ o{g ft~u ezw eoBk Pfjoh ihtB dhnK wj~stg{oD ns/ ;koEe ftP/PsktK jB. Gkos ft~u eJh nfXn?BK
(fit/A egkVhnk, ;fu~dkBzd, nkoH e/H w[yoih ns/ n?wH n?;H r'o/) B/ fJj do;kfJnk j? fe g/Av{ ftnesh,
i' PfjoK ft~u gqtk; eo iKd/ jB, fgzv s'A nkUD tkb/ gfotkoK ns/ ;zpzXhnK Bkb ;zpzX pDk e/ o~yd/ jB.
PfjoK ft~u th Uj Bk e/tb nkgD/ fgzv iK nk;gk; d/ fgzvK d/ ftneshnK dhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ jb ft~u
wdd eod/ jB pbfe nkgDh iksh d/ w?ApoK dk nfijhnK gfo;fEshnK ft~u ;kE fdzd/ jB. fJ; Bkb UBK
dk Pfjoh ihtB d/ nB[e{b pDBk nfXe ;ob j' iKdk j?.
Broh y/soK dk tkXk
Broh y/soK dk tkXk
Broh y/soK dk tkXk
Broh y/soK dk tkXk
Broh y/soK dk tkXk
ukj/ BroK dk n;fs~st gqkuhB ;w/A s'A fwbdk j? gqzs{ j[D/ jkb s~e Uj iB;zfynk d/ fJ~e S'N/ Gkr dh jh
nrtkJh eod/ ;B. fInkdkso ftneshnK dk ihtB w[~y o{g Bkb g/Av{ ;wki iK fgzv jh pDkUAd/ ;B.
BroK ns/ wjKBroK dk tkXk ftek; ns/ iB;zfynk d/ t~v/ Gkr dk Broh y/soK ft~u ikDk fgSb/ gzi fJ~e
dPeK dk jh ftP/P b~SD fojk j?. BroheoD T[d:'fre eqKsh dk jh Bshik ;h. fJ; B/ e/Adfos ;EkBK
(centralised locations) T[Zs/ wId{oK dh t~vh ;zfynk dh wzr Bz{ T[sgzB ehsk.

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