Page 277 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
fJekJh^14L ;wekbhB Gkos ft~u ;wkfie gfotosB
iB;zfynk ;h. fJ; ft~u fd~bh ft~u T[; dh iB;zfynk d/ 44# rzdhnK p;shnK (M[~rh^M"AgVh) ft~u ofjzd/ BØN
;B, w[zpJh dh M"AgVg~Nh ns/ ukb ft~u 45H0#, ebe~sk dhnK p;shnK ft~u 42H0# ns/ u/BzJh dh
u/ohI ft~u 39H0#. pzrb"o, j?dokpkd, nfjwdkpkd, ekBg[o, g[D/, Bkrg[o ns/ i?g[o d/ n~m j'o wjKBroK
ft~u ;fEsh fJ; s'A uzrh BjhA j?. ;oekoh e'fPPK d/ pkti{d rzdhnK p;shnK dh iB;zfynk dh nrb/ gzi
;kbK ft~u (noEks 2005 JhH s~e) pj[s nfXe tXD dh ;zGktBk j?. fJ; Bkb nktk;h ;w~f;nk ns/ rzdrh
j'o tX/rh. nkpkdeko (squatter) p;shnK d/ ftek; dk eqw j?, ftnesh, G{wh (;EkB), nkPow ns/
;/tktK. ftnesh ;G s'A gfjbK fJ~e nfijh EK dk u[Bkt eod/ jB i' UBK dh ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe
Io{osK dh g{osh eodk j?, fco nkPow xoK dk fBowkD eod/ jB ns/ fco nkofEe Io{osK dh g{osh
eodk j?, fco nkPow xoK dk fBowkD eod/ jB ns/ fco e[M ;wK pshs j'D s'A pknd fJj ;/tktK d/
nkUD dk fJzsIko eod/ jB, ukj/ p;shnK ftneshnK dhnK Io{osK g{ohnK eodhnK jB, gqzs{ Uj Pfjo
dh :'iBk d/ fB:wK Bz{ Gzr eodhnK jB. fJ; bJh j[D fJj wzfBnk iKdk j? fe toswkB ft~u ftek; dk
eqw j'Dk ukjhdk j?L G{wh (;EkB), ftnesh, ;jkok ns/ ;/tktK. j[D ;oeko B/ rohpK Bz{ x~N ehws tkb/
nD^n"gukfoe nktk;h T[d:'frehnK Bz{ ngBkUD bJh T[s;kfjs eoD s'A fJbktk eJh j'o :'iBktK th
pDkJhnK jB ns/ j'o nfXe uzr/ wekB pDkUD bJh T[s;kj d/D bJh eJh fonkfJsK fd~shnK jB. fJBK
ft~u okPNoh nktk;h p?Ae Bz{ 100 eo'V o[gJ/ dk :'rdkB, 100 eo'V o[gJ/ d/ ;zfrqj (corpus) Bkb fJ~e
t~y ;wkfie ;[o~fynk e'P (social security fund) dh ;EkgBk ns/ okPNoh nB[;{fus iksh ns/ nB[;{fus
iBiksh ft~sh ns/ ftek; fBrw dk rmB Pkfwb j?.
GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD
GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD
GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD
GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD
GhV^GkV ns/ fBoftnesheoD (Crowding and Depersonalisation)LL LL L GhV^GkV (iB;zfynk dk
;zxDkgD) ns/ ftneshnK dh d{i/ ftneshnK dhnK ;w~f;nktK (fiBK ft~u UBK d/ gV";hnK dhnK
;w~f;nktK th Pfwb jB) gqsh T[dk;hBsk fJ~e d{ih ;w~f;nk j? i' Pfjoh ihtB ft~u g?dk j' ojh j?.
e[M xoK ft~u J/Bh GhV^GkV j? fe gzi iK S/ ftnesh fJ~e jh ewo/ ft~u ofjzd/ jB. e[M PfjoK d/
nV";^gV"; ft~u pj[s nfXe GhV^GkV j?. GhV^GkV d/ eJh jkBhekoe gqGkt j[zd/ jB. fJj ftufbs
fttjko Bz{ tXktk fdzdh j?, phwkohnK c?bkUAdh j? ns/ wkBf;e phwkohnK, wfdokgkB ns/ ;zgodkfJe
dzfrnK bJh gfo;fEshnK g?dk eodh j?. xD/ Pfjoh nktk; dk fJ~e gqGkt T[dk;hBsk j[zdk j?. Pfjo ft~u
ofjD tkb/ d{finK d/ wkwb/ ft~u BjhA g?Dk ukj[zd/. fJ~E'A s~e fe ftnesh d[oxNBkrq;s j' iKd/ jB, szr
ehs/ iKd/ jB, UBK T[Zs/ jwbk ehsk iKdk j?, GikfJnk iKdk j? ns/ UBK dh j~fsnk s~e eo fd~sh ikdh
j? ns/ nfij/ ;w/A ft~u j'o ftnesh e/tb yV/ d/yd/ ofjzd/ jB.
ib^nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek; (Water Supply and Drainage)L L L L L n;hA nfij/ uoD ft~u gj[zu rJ/ jK
ib^nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek;
ib^nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek;
ib^nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek;
ib^nkg{osh ns/ ib^fBek;
fi~E/ fe;/ th Pfjo ft~u u"th xzN/ gkDh dh nkg{osh BjhA j[zdh j?. o[e o[e e/ nkg{osh eoD Bkb ykbh gkDh
dhnK bkJhBK ft~u ykbh ;EkB (vacuum) T[sgzB j' iKdk j? fi; Bkb bkJhBK d/ fo;d/ j'J/ i'V (leaking joint)
rzd/ gdkoEK (pollutants) Bz{ fy~u b?Ad/ jB. u/BzJh, j?dokpkd, okie'N, niw/o ns/ T[d/g[o fij/ PfjoK ft~u
BrogkfbektK fJ~e fdB ft~u fJ~e xzN/ s'A th x~N ib nkg{osh eodhnK jB. eJh S'N/ e;fpnK ft~u gqw[~y
ib nkg{osh j[zdh jh BjhA ns/ Uj fNT{pt?bK T[Zs/ fBoGo j[zd/ jB. pzrb"o ft~u brGr 700 whNo fbcN eo
e/ gkDh fbnKdk ikdk j?. eJh e;fpnK ns/ PfjoK ft~u fi~E/ jo ;kb uzrh toyk j[zdh ;h fgSb/ d' fszB ;kbK
s'A gkDh dh pj[s fInkdk ewh j'D b~rh j?. fi; uhI dk p[oh soK nGkt j? Uj j? okPNoh ib Bhsh i' ;zg{oD
ib ;z;kXBK dk nKebD eo/ ns/ fco gkDh dh tzv eo/. fJj ftsoD 1987 ft~u fd~bh ft~u j'Jh T[Zu ;soh
p?me d/ pkti{d j? fi; dk T[d/P ghD d/ gkDh dhnK Io{osK Bz{ gfjb d/Dk ;h.
id'A n;hA gkDh dh nkg{osh d/ d{i/ gk;/ d/yd/ jK, noEks ib^fBek;, sK ;fEsh J/Bh jh yokp j?. fJ~e
r~b i' Gkos d/ pko/ ft~u pj[s x~N b'e ikDd/ jB, Uj fJj j? fe fJ~E/ fJ~e th Pfjo nfijk BjhA j? fi~E/
g{oh soK Bkb wb^ft;oiB Bkb/ j'D. uzvhrV fijk fB:'fis Pfjo th fJ; ftfPPNsk dk dktk BjhA eo
;edk feUAfe T[; ft~u ns/ T[; d/ nk;^gk; d/ nD^nfXfeqs fBowkD gqw[~y ftt;Ek d/ y/so s'A pkjo
jB. ib^fBek; ftt;Ek d/ Bk j'D Bkb rowh d/ wjhfBnK ft~u jo Pfjo ft~u iw/ j'J/ gkDh d/ t~v/ t~v/
y~v/ d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fi; soK ;kBz{ fJ~e okPNoh ib Bhsh dh Io{os j?, T[;/ soK ;kBz{ fJ~e okPNoh
ns/ y/soh ib^fBek; Bhsh dh th Io{os j?.

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