Page 118 - DECO503_INTERNATIONAL_TRADE_AND_FINANCE_HINDI

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa foÙk

uksV miHkksDrk vfrjsd esa gkfu
(Loss in Consumer’s Surplus) = – H – G
lfClMh dh ykxr = – G – K – L
'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu (Net Welfare Loss) – G – L
= – (G + L)

ns'k esa gksus okyh 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu oLrq ij nh tkus okyh lfClMh dh ykxr fu;kZr ls feyus okys jktLo ls
vf/d gksus osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA
nwljh vksj ;fn ns'k viuh oLrq dks cM+s iSekus ij lfClMh ns jgk gS rks mldh lfClMh nsus dh ykxr Hkh c<+
tkrh gSA tSls&tSls mlosQ fu;kZr esa vkSj foLrkj gksrk gS fo'o dher de gks tkrh gS] ifj.kkeLo:i bldh
O;kikj dh 'krks± esa fxjkoV vk tkrh gS] mldh 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu vf/d gks tkrh gSA
vk;krd ns'kksa ij lfClMh osQ izHkko (Effects of Subsidy on Import Countries):vk;krd ns'k dh O;kikj
dh 'krks± esa rc lq/kj gksrk gS tc ,d cM+k ns'k vius fu;kZr dks lfClMh iznku djrk gSA mlosQ fy, lfClMh
okyh oLrq dh fo'o dher de gks tkrh gS rFkk og vius vk;kr dh de dher nsrk gS] ijUrq de dher
dk blosQ vk; forj.k ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA tc dhersa de dj nh tkrh gSa rks mudk cqjk izHkko lfClMh
;qDr vk;kr osQ lkFk izfr;ksfxrk djus okys m|ksxksa osQ Je rFkk iw¡th ij iM+rk gS ;|fi lfClMh;qDr oLrqvksa
dks de dher dk ;k oSls gh oLrq miHkksDrkvksa dks ykHk gksrk gS rFkkfi vk;krd ns'kksa osQ mRikndksa dks ogh
;k oSlh gh oLrq ij gkfu gksrh gSA vr% fu;kZr dks lfClMh nsuk vuqfpr O;kikj O;ogkj le>k tkrk gS rFkk
vk;krd ns'k ,slh vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ij izfrdkjh 'kqYd yxk nsrk gSA
3- LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoVsa (Voluntary Export Restraints–VERs): LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoV (VER) ,d
,slk le>kSrk gS tks fu;kZrd ns'k osQ fu;kZrdksa vFkok ljdkj }kjk vk;krd ns'k osQ lkFk mlosQ fu;kZrksa dks lhfer
djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vk;krd ns'k }kjk rc fd;k tkrk gS tc mldk ?kjsyw m|ksx cM+s iSekus ij
vk;krksa }kjk ihfM+r gksrk gSA vk;kr dh lhek ek=kk ewY; vFkok cktkj osQ va'k osQ vuqlkj fuf'pr dh tk ldrh
gSA VERs dHkh&dHkkj gh ^LoSfPNd* gksrk gSA bUgsa fu;kZrdksa dks foo'krk esa Lohdkj djuk iM+rk gS vU;Fkk
vk;krd ns'k mu ij vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh O;kikj ck/kvksa }kjk izfrcUèk yxk ldrs gSaA fiQj Hkh ;fn fu;kZrd ns'k
Å¡ph dherksa ij de fu;kZr djosQ vf/d ykHk dekus dh vk'kk j[krk gS rks og vius fu;kZr ij LoSfPNd
#dkoVksa dks Lohdkj dj ldrk gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] ;wjksih; vk£Fkd leqnk; (EEC) rFkk vU; vkS|ksfxd
ns'kksa }kjk VERs dk iz;ksx tkiku rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls LVhy] Vhoh] vkWVkseksckbYl] oL=k] vkfn osQ vk;kr
ij jksd yxkus osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA GATT }kjk iz'kqYdksa rFkk dhVksa ij jksd yxkus osQ ckn ns'kksa us VERs
dks viuk;k gS] ijUrq GATT fu;eksa osQ vUrxZr VERs ugha vkrhaA

vk;krd ns'k ij VER osQ izHkkoksa dks fp=k 8-2 esa izn£'kr fd;k x;k gS tgk¡ D oLrqvksa osQ fy, ?kjsyw ek¡x
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oØ gS rFkk S oLrqvksa osQ fy, ?kjsyw iw£r oØ gS tks nwljs ns'k dks fo'o dher OP ij Hksth tkrh gSaA bl
d w
dher ij OM ?kjsyw mRikndksa }kjk fu;kZr rFkk MM vk;kr dh tk jgh gSA vc ;fn M M osQ vk;kr dksVs
3
2
1
dh ctk; fdlh fu;kZrd ns'k }kjk mlh ek=kk esa VER viukbZ tk, rks mlosQ izHkko iz'kqYd vFkok vk;kr dksVk
osQ cjkcj gksaxsA VER rFkk vk;kr dksVk osQ chp ,dek=k vUrj fdjk;k vFkok vfrfjDr ykHk gS tks fu;kZrd
ns'k osQ iw£rdrkZvksa dks tkrk gSA VER osQ ekeys esa ?kjsyw ek¡x oØ D ogha jgrk gS tcfd iw£r oØ S cnydj
d
d
S gks tkrk gS rkfd mPp dher OP ij lUrqyu gks tk,A VER osQ lkFk iw£r oØ S ;g n'kkZrk gS fd OP
v v v v
dher ij] ek=kk OM dh iw£r vk;krd ns'k }kjk dh tkrh gS rFkk M M blosQ vk;kr ij VER gSA ;g ek=kk
2
1
vk;krd ns'k dks cspdj fu;kZrd ns'k osQ iw£rdrkZ VER ls fdjk;k izkIr dj ysrs gSaA ;g {ks=k a + R + b osQ
cjkcj gksrk gS tks fp=k osQ vuqlkj vk;krd ns'k dh jk"Vªh; 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu gSA vk;krd ns'k dh miHkksDrk

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