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vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh; fof/;k¡




                    uksV          izLrkouk (Introduction)

                                  Hkou fuekZ.k osQ fy;s osQoy b±Vksa dk <sj gh i;kZIr ugha gksrk cfYd mUgsa ,d lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls ltkus osQ ckn
                                  gh Hkou dk fuekZ.k gks ikrk gSA blh izdkj ,df=kr lead vius ewy :i esa vadksa osQ <sj osQ leku gSa vkSj muls
                                  dksbZ Hkh roZQlaxr ifj.kke ugha fudkyk tk ldrkA okLro esa] ladfyr lead vR;Ur tfVy ,oa vO;ofLFkr
                                  :i esa gksrs gSaA mUgsa vklkuh ls le> ikuk vkSj muls dksbZ mfpr ifj.kke fudkyuk rc rd lEHko ugha gksrk
                                  tc rd fd mUgsa ,d lqO;ofLFkr Øe esa izLrqr u dj fn;k tk,A fiQj] rqyukRed vè;;u] fo'ys"k.k ,oa
                                  fuoZpu osQ fy;s Hkh ladfyr lkexzh dks ljy] laf{kIr o cksèkxE; :i nksuksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA okLro
                                  esa] ;g izfØ;k gh leadksa dk oxhZdj.k ,oa lkj.kh;u dgykrh gSA ¶oxhZÑr ,oa Øec¼ rF; Lo;a cksyrs
                                  gSa tcfd vO;ofLFkr :i esa os ek¡l dh rjg e`r gksrs gSaA¸

                                  3-1 vk¡dM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Data)


                                  vFkZ o ifjHkk"kkμoxhZdj.k og izfØ;k gS ftlesa ,df=kr leadksa dks mudh fofoèk fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa xq.kksa osQ
                                  vkèkkj ij vyx&vyx oxks± esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA dkSuj osQ 'kCnksa esa ¶oxhZdj.k] rF;ksa dks (;FkkFkZ ;k dfYir :i
                                  ls) mudh lekurk rFkk lkn`';rk osQ vuqlkj] lewgksa ;k oxks± esa Øec¼ djus dh fØ;k gS vkSj ;g O;fDrxr
                                  bdkb;ksa dh fofoèkrk esa ik;h tkus okyh] xq.kksa dh ,d:irk (unity) dks O;Dr djrk gSA¸
                                  gksjsl flØkbLV osQ vuqlkj ¶oxhZdj.k] leadksa dks mudh lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa osQ vuqlkj Jsf.k;ksa ,oa oxks± esa
                                  Øec¼ djus vFkok mudks fHkUu&fHkUu fdUrq lEc¼ fgLlksa esa ck¡Vus dh ,d fØ;k gSA

                                  oxhZdj.k osQ eq[; y{k.k (Main Features)μmijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa osQ vuqlkj oxhZdj.k osQ eq[; y{k.k bl
                                  izdkj gSaA
                                   (1)  oxhZdj.k osQ vUrxZr ladfyr leadksa dks fofHkUu oxks± esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA oxks± dk fuèkkZj.k tk¡p osQ mís';]
                                        {ks=k ,oa Lo:i ij fuHkZj djrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] 1985-86 esa thokth fo'ofo|ky; (Xokfy;j) esa
                                        iathÑr fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k dks fuEu esa ls fdlh ,d vkèkkj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ¯yx
                                        (tSls yM+osQ&yM+fd;k¡)] vk;q (tSls 15-19, 20-24, o"kZ bR;kfn)] yEckbZ] Hkkj] èkeZ] tkfr] izkUrh;rk
                                        vkfnA
                                   (2)  rF;ksa dk foHkktu lekurk rFkk ltkrh;rk osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gS] vFkkZr~ bl izdkj dh fo'ks"krk
                                        okys lead ,d oxZ esa j[ks tkrs gSaA
                                   (3)  oxhZdj.k okLrfod ;k fiQj dkYifud gks ldrk gSA rF;ksa osQ izkÑfrd xq.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k x;k
                                        odhZdj.k okLrfod gksrk gS vkSj vuqlUèkkudÙkkZ dh bPNk ij vkèkkfjr oxhZdj.k] dkYifud gksrk gSA
                                   (3)  oxhZdj.k bl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd O;fDrxr bdkb;ksa dh ¶fofoèkrk esa mudh ,d:irk¸ (unity
                                        in diversity) Li"V gks tk;sA

                                  oxhZdj.k osQ mís'; ;k dk;Z (Objects or Functions of Classification)
                                  (1) ljy oa laf{kIr cukuk (It simplifies and condenses the data)μoxhZdj.k dk izeq[k mís'; leadksa dh
                                  tfVyrk dks nwj djosQ mUgsa ljy o laf{kir :i nsuk gSA oxhZÑr leadksa dks le>uk ,oa ;kn djuk vklku gksrk
                                  gS vFkkZr~ muesa ckSèkxE;rk (comprehensibility) gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] Hkkjr osQ 68.5 djksM+ yksxksa esa ls ;fn
                                  izR;sd O;fDr dh vyx&vyx vk;q fy[kh tk; rks leadksa osQ bl fo'kky leqnz ls dksbZ Hkh fu"d"kZ ugha fudkyk
                                  tk ldrkA ysfdu bu leadksa dks fofHkUu vk;q&oxks± esa izLrqr djus ls u osQoy le>us esa ljyrk gksrh gS cfYd
                                  tula[;k osQ vk;q vuqlkj forj.k dh Hkh tkudkjh izkIr gks tkrh gSA




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