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bdkbZ—3% vk¡dM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k ,oa lkj.kh;u % vko`fÙk ,oa lap;h vko`fÙk forj.k




              1.  HkkSxksfyd oxhZdj.k (Geographical Classification)μtc ladfyr vk¡dM+s {ks=k vFkok txg osQ  uksV
                  vuqlkj oxhZÑr fd;s tkrs gSa] rks bls HkkSxksfyd oxhZdj.k dgk tkrk gSA tula[;k dk forj.k jkT;ksa]
                  'kgjksa] dLcksa vkfn eas fd;k tkrk gS] ftls HkkSxksfyd oxhZdj.k dgrs gSaA
              2.  xq.kkRed oxhZdj.k  (Qualitative Classification)μ¯yx] bZekunkjh] jax] n{krk vkfn osQ vuqlkj
                  vk¡dM+ksa osQ oxhZdj.k dks xq.kkRed oxhZdj.k dgk tkrk gSA
              3.  ifjek.kkRed oxhZdj.k (Quantitative Classification)μtc vk¡dM+s Å¡pkbZ] Hkkj] vad] vk; O;;]
                  ifjokj esa cPpksa dh la[;k vkfn osQ vk/kj ij oxhZÑr fd;s tkrs gSa] rks bl izdkj osQ oxhZdj.k dks
                  ifjek.kkRed oxhZdj.k dgrs gSaA
              4.  le; vk/kfjr oxhZdj.k (Chronological Classification)μle; vof/ osQ vk/kj ij oxhZdj.k
                  le; vk/kfjr (Chronological) oxhZdj.k dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

            Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)


            1- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsa (Fill in the blanks)μ
              1.  oxhZdj.k osQ vUrxZr ladfyr  ---------  dks fofHkUu oxks± esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA
              2.  ---------  leadksa osQ fo'ys"k.k dh ,d egRoiw.kZ rduhd gSA
              3.  vk¡dM+ksa dks  ---------  lewgksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSA
              4.  oxhZdj.k leadksa osQ chp  ---------  rqyuk djus dh lqfoèkk iznku djrk gSA
              5.  ifj.kkeksa dh vFkZiw.kZ rqyuk osQ fy,  ---------  esa fLFkjrk dk gksuk vko';d gSA

            3-4 vko`fÙk caVu (Frequency Distribution)


            ,d vko`fÙk caVu dk vk'k;] fdlh ekiuh; pj (variable) osQ vkèkkj ij leadksa osQ oxhZdj.k ls gSA ekSfjl gecxZ
            osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶,d vko`fÙk forj.k vko`fÙk rkfydk ek=k ,d rkfydk gS ftlesa leadksa dks oxks± osQ :i esa lewfgr
            fd;k tkrk gS vkSj izR;sd oxZ esa vkus okyh bdkb;ksa dh la[;k dks vafdr dj fy;k tkrk gS] tks mu oxks± dh
            vko`fÙk;k¡ dgykrh gSaA¸ bl izdkj ewY;ksa ;k oxks± vkSj mudh vko`fÙk;ksa osQ Øec¼ foU;kl dks gh vko`fÙk caVu dgrs
            gSaA Li"V gS fd vko`fÙk forj.k dh jpuk osQ fy, nks rRo vko';d gSμ(i) pj rFkk (ii) vko`fÙkA
            pj (Variable or Variate)μla[;kRed rF;ksa dks pj dgrs gSaA pj og la[;kRed vfHky{k.k gS tks ek=kk vFkok
            vkdkj esa ?kVrk&c<+rk jgrk gS tSls O;fDr;ksa dh vk;q] yEckbZ] otu] vk;] ewY;] etnwjh] izkIrkad bR;kfnA gk¡!
            ;g è;ku jgs fHkUu&fHkUu pjksa dh eki fHkUu&fHkUu bdkb;ksa esa dh tkrh gS tSls vk;q dh eki o"kks± esa] yEckbZ
            dh eki lSUVhehVj esa vkSj vk; dh eki #i;ksa esaA pj nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaμ(i) v[kf.Mr ;k lrr pj rFkk (ii)
            [kf.Mr pjA
            (i) v[kf.Mr ;k lrr pj (Continuous Variables)μlrr pj og pj gS tks fuf'pr ugha gksrk vFkkZr~
            ftldk fuf'pr lhekvksa osQ vUrxZr dksbZ Hkh ewY; gks ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa og pj] tks ,d lqfuf'pr lhek
            esa lHkh lEHkkO; ewY;ksa (iw.kk±d rFkk fHkUukRed) dks 'kkfey dj ysrk gS] lrr pj dgykrk gSA xzhxksjh ,oa
            okMZ osQ 'kCnksa esa ¶v[kf.Mr pj os gSa tks eki dh bdkb;ksa esa gksrs gSa] ftUgsa vuur Lrjksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk
            gS tSls rkieku ,d fMxzh n'keyok¡'k rd] yEckbz ,d bap osQ n'keyoka'k rdA¸ vr% Li"V gS fd lrr pj
            osQ vUrxZr lead] vadkRed eki }kjk izkir fd;s tkrs gSa u fd fxurh }kjkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] fdlh LowQy osQ
            fo|k£Fk;ksa dh vk;q lrr pj gS D;ksafd ;g ,d fuf'pr lhek] ekuk 3–15 o"kZ] osQ chp dksbZ Hkh ewY; (o"kZ]
            eghuk] fnu vkfn) gks ldrh gSA



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