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vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh; fof/;k¡
uksV mís'; ,oa dk;Z (Objects and Functions)
lkaf[;dh; ekè;ksa osQ fuEu dk;Z o mís'; gSaμ
1. ljy ,oa laf{kIr fp=k izLrqr djuk (To present a simple and brief picture)μekè;ksa }kjk tfVy
,oa vO;ofLFkr leadksa dks lqO;ofLFkr ljy] laf{kIr ,oa cks/xE; :i esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
iwjh lead Js.kh dk lkjka'k izLrqr djrk gS vkSj leadksa osQ fo'kky lewg dks le>us ;ksX; cuk nsrk gSA
eksjksus osQ vuqlkj] ¶ekè; dk mís'; O;fDrxr ewY;ksa osQ lewg dk ljy ,oa laf{kIr :i esa izfrfufèkRo
djuk gS ftlls fd efLr"d] lewg dh bdkb;ksa osQ lkekU; vkdkj dks 'kh?kzrk ls xzg.k dj losQA¸
2. rqyuk dh lqfo/k nsuk (To facilitate comparison)μekè;ksa dh lgk;rk ls nks ;k nks ls vf/d lewgksa
osQ egÙoiw.kZ y{k.kksa dh ljyrk ls rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSA izR;{k :i esa leadksa }kjk ;g dk;Z cgqr
dfBu gksrk gS ysfdu ekè;ksa }kjk ljy gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] nks ns'kksa dh vkSlr izfr O;fDr
vk; dh rqyuk djosQ mfpr ifj.kke fudkys tkrs gSaA
3. lexz dk izfrfuf/Ro (To represent the entire group)μekè;ksa dh lgk;rk ls gh izfrn'kZ osQ
vè;;u osQ vk/kj ij iwjs lexz osQ ckjs esa fu"d"kZ fudkys tk ldrs gSaA ekè; lEiw.kZ lexz dk laf{kIr
fp=k gksrk gSA
4. lkaf[;dh; foospu dk vk/kj (Basis of statistical analysis)μlkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k dh vusd
fof/;k¡ ekè;ksa ij gh vk/kfjr gSa_ tSlsμvifdj.k] fo"kerk lglEcU/] izrhixeu vkfnA
5. uhfr&fuekZ.k esa lgk;d (To help in policy-formulation)μekè; osQ :i esa ,sls lead izkIr gksrs
gSa tks Hkkoh ;kstukvksa] fØ;kvksa o uhfr;ksa osQ fu/kZj.k esa ekxZn'kZd gksrs gSaA O;kikfj;ksa ,oa vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa
osQ fy, buls vuqeku yxkus ,oa fu.kZ; ysus dk dk;Z vklku gks tkrk gSA
ekè; osQ xq.k (Properties of An Ideal Average)
;wy vkSj oSQ.Mky osQ vuqlkj ,d vkn'kZ ekè; esa fuEu xq.k gksus pkfg,μ
1. Li"V ,oa fLFkj ifjHkk"kk (Clearly and rigidly defined)μvkn'kZ ekè; Li"V ,oa ifjHkkf"kr gksuk
pkfg, ftlls mudk ,d gh vFkZ yxk;k tk losQA ;fn ;g vuqekuksa ij vk/kfjr gksxk rks lead Js.kh
dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk lgh izfrfuf/Ro ugha dj ik;sxkA
2. lHkh ewY;ksa ij vk/kfjr (Based on all the observations)μ,d vPNs ekè; dks leadekyk osQ lHkh
inksa ij vk/kfjr gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ mlosQ ifjdyu esa lHkh in&ewY;ksa dk mi;ksx gksuk pkfg,A ,slk
u gksus ij ;g iwjs lexz osQ vfHky{k.kksa dks laf{kIr fp=k izLrqr ugha dj losQxkA
3. ljy ,oa cks/ (Easy and intelligible)μmÙke ekè; esa ljy o Li"V xq.k gksus pkfg, ftlls mldh
izÑfr vklkuh ls le>h tk losQA
4. vkx.ku esa ljyrk (Easy to calculate)μekè; ,slk gksuk pkfg, ftls lk/kj.k O;fDr Hkh vklkuh ls
le> losQA ekè; dks vR;f/d xf.krh; ugha gksuk pkfg,A oqQN ekè; vf/d tfVy jhfr;ksa }kjk
ifjxf.kr gksus osQ dkj.k vf/d yksdfiz; ugha gSA
5. izfrp;u osQ ifjorZuksa dk U;wure izHkko (Least affect of sampling fluctuations)μbldk vfHkizk;
;g gS fd ;fn ,d gh lexz esa ls mfpr jhfr }kjk fofHkUu izfrn'kZ pqudj muosQ ekè; fudkys tk;sa
rks mu ekè;ksa esa vR;f/d vUrj ugha gksus pkfg,A vkn'kZ ekè; esa bl izdkj osQ izfrp;u ifjorZuksa dk
U;wure izHkko iM+rk gS vFkkZr~ ,d gh lexz osQ fHkUu&fHkUu izfrn'kks± osQ ekè;ksa esa yxHkx lekurk gksxhA
6. chtxf.krh; foospu (Algebraic treatment)μ,d vkn'kZ ekè; esa oqQN ,slh xf.krh; fo'ks"krk,¡
gksuh pkfg, ftlls mldk chth; foospu ljyrk ls gks losQA ;fn ekè; esa ;g fo'ks"krk ugha gS rks
50 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
