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vf/xedÙkkZ dk fodkl ,oa f'k{k.k vf/xe izfØ;k

uksV euksfoKku dk vFkZ gqvk vkRek osQ laca/ esa vè;;u djus okyk ,d fo"k;A izkphu nk'kZfudksa ftuesa vjLrw
(Aristotle) rFkk IysVks (Plato) dk uke vf/d e'kgwj gS] blh 'kkfCnd vFkZ dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, euksfoKku
dks vkRek osQ ckjs esa vè;;u djusokyk fo"k; ekuk FkkA ijarq izkphu nk'kZfudksa }kjk nh xbZ ;g ifjHkk"kk vc ek=k
,d ,sfrgkfld ifjHkk"kk cudj jg xbZ gSA
17oha 'krkCnh rFkk 18oha 'krkCnh osQ nk'kZfudksa (Philosophers) us] ftuesa fyfcfuV~t (Leibnitz), gkWCl
(Hobbes), ykWd (Locke), dkaV (Kant), áwe (Hume) vkfn osQ uke mYys[kuh; gSaA ‘Psyche’ 'kCn dk
vFkZ eu (Mind) crk;k vkSj dgk fd euksfoKku dh fo"k;&oLrq eu gSA iQyr% euksfoKku eu osQ vè;;u dk
foKku ekuk x;kA euksfoKku dh ;g ifjHkk"kk djhc&djhc 1870 bZñ rd loZekU; jgh vkSj euksfoKku] tks ml
le; n'kZu'kkL=k (Philosophy) dh ,d 'kk[kk Fkh] dh fo"k;&oLrq eu (mind) cuh jghA
bu nk'kZfud ifjHkk"kkvksa eas eq[;r% nks rjg osQ nks"k ik, x,A igyk] vkRek (Soul) ;k eu (Mind)A eu ,d
,slh vewrZ (Abstract) oLrq gS ftls ns[kk ;k lquk ugha tk ldrkA iQyr% bldk vè;;u oSKkfud <ax ls
lEHko ugha gS vkSj u blij dksbZ iz;ksx gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljk] euksfoKku dks eu ;k vkRek dk foKku
eku ysus ls mldh fo"k;&oLrq vLi"V gh cuh jgrh gS] D;ksafd bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vusd vFkksZa eas fd;k tkrk
gS vkSj euksfoKku eas ;g fdl vFkZ eas iz;qDr gksrk gS] ;g fuf'pr :i ls ugha dgk tk ldrkA
tSlk fd Åij dgk tk pqdk gS] euksfoKku igys n'kZu'kkL=k (Philosophy) dh ,d 'kk[kk Fkk vkSj 1879 bZñ
eas tc fofy;e oq.V (Wilhelm Wundt) us teZuh osQ fyiftx fo'ofo|ky; (vc bldk uke dkyZ ekDlZ
fo'ofOk|ky; dj fn;k x;k gS) esa euksfoKku dh lcls igyh iz;ksx'kkyk LFkkfir dh] ml le; ls euksfoKku
dk laca/ n'kZu'kkL=k ls /hjs&/hjs de gksrk x;k vkSj bldk Lo:i iz;ksxkRed vf/d gksrk x;kA iQyLo:i
euksfoKku dh fo"k;&oLrq eu ;k vkRek ls gVdj ekufld fozQ;k,¡ (Mental Activities) ;k psru vuqHkwfr
(Conscious Experience) gks xbZA bl ifjHkk"kk dks ekuusokys euksoSKkfudksa dks lajpukoknh (Structuralists)
dgk x;kA ftlesa fofy;e oq.V rFkk fVpsuj (Titchener) izeq[k FksA bu euksoSKkfudksa osQ vuqlkj euksfoKku
psru vuqHkwfr ;k rkRdkfyd vuqHkwfr (Immediate Experience) osQ vè;;u dk foKku gSA psru vuqHkwfr
;k rkRdkfyd vuqHkwfr dk vFkZ ;gk¡ laosnuk (Sensation), dYiuk (Imagination), izfrek (Image), Hkko
(Feeling) vkfn ekufld fozQ;kvksa ls gSA oq.V osQ vuqlkj laosnuk (Sensation) psru vuqHkwfr osQ oLrqfu"B
rRo (Objective element) rFkk Hkko psru vuqHkwfr osQ vkRefUk"B rRo (Subjective Element) dgs tkrs
FksA ysfdu] lajpukokfn;ksa dh bl ifjHkk"kk esa vusd nks"k ik, x,A lcls izeq[k nks"k ;g crk;k x;k fd pw¡fd
psru vuqHkwfr dk oLrqfu"B <ax ls vè;;u ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] vr% bl ifjHkk"kk ls euksfoKku osQ
iz;ksxkRed Lo:i dh O;k[;k ugha gks ikrh gSA bl ifjHkk"kk eas ek=k psru vuqHkwfr osQ vè;;u ij cy Mkyk x;k
gS] ijarq O;fDr osQ lHkh vuqHko psru ugha gksrs] cfYd vf/dka'k vuqHko vpsru gksrs gSA bl ifjHkk"kk ls rc
;g fcyoqQy Li"V ugha gksrk gS fd euksfoKku eu dh LkHkh voLFkkvksa dk vè;;u djrk gS ;k ughaA
lajpukokfn;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk esa =kqfV ik, tkus ij euksfoKku dh nwljh ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ tks O;ogkjokfn;ksa
(Behaviourists) dh FkhA O;ogkjokfn;ksa esa tsñ chñ okVlu (J. B. Watson) dk uke izeq[k gSA bu yksxksa
us euksfoKku dks O;ogkj dk ,d OkLrqijd foKku (Positive Science of Behaviour) ekuk gSA bl ifjHkk"kk
ls Li"V gS fd blesa psru vuqHkwfr (Conscious Experience) dks euksfoKku dh fOk"k;&oLrq ls vyx dj
fn;k x;k rFkk mldh txg O;ogkj (behaviour) dks j[kk x;k ftldk Lo:i vf/d oLrqfUk"B (Objective)
Fkk] D;ksafd bls ns[kk ;k lquk tk ldrk gSA nkSM+uk] jksuk] g¡luk] lkspuk vkfn O;ogkj osQ oqQN izeq[k mnkgj.k
gSaA bl ifjHkk"kk eas euksfoKku dks ,d oLrqijd foKku (Positive Science) ekuk x;k] D;kasfd blesa O;ogkj
ls lac¼ rhu i{kksaµD;k (What), D;ksa (Why), rFkk oSQls (How) dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA bl ifjHkk"kk dk

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