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f;fynkoEh dk ftek; ns/ f;ybkJh f;Zfynk gqfeqnk

B'N fJBQK dkoPfBe gfoGkPktK ftZu w[Zy o{g Bkb d' soK d/ d'P gkJ/ rJ/. gfjbk, nkswk (Soul)
iK wB (Mind). wB fJZe fJj' fijh nwos (Abstract) t;s{ j? fi; B{z d/fynk iK ;[fDnk
BjhA ik ;edk. cb;o{g fJ;dk nfXnB ftfrnkBe Yzr Bkb ;zGt BjhA ns/ Bk fJ; s/ e'Jh
gq:'r jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. d{ik, wB'ftfrnkB B{z wB iK nkswk dk ftfrnkB wzB b?D Bkb
T[;dh ftPk^t;s{ n;gPN jh pDh ofjzdh j?, feT[Afe fJBQK PpdK dk gq:'r eJh noEK ftZu
ehsk iKdk j? ns/ wB'ftfrnkB ftZu fJj fe; noE ftZu ;jh j[zdk j?, fJj fBPfus o{g
ftZu BjhA fejk ik ;edk.

fit/A fe T[Zs/ fejk ik u[Zek j?, wB'ftfrnkB gfjbK doPBPk;so (Philosophy) dh fJZe Pkyk
;h ns/ 1879 fJL ftZu ftfb:w t[zN (Wilhelm Wundt) B/ iowBh d/ fbgfir ftPtftfdnkb/
(j[D fJ;dk Bkw ekob wkoe; ftPtftfdnkbk eo fdZsk frnk j?) ftZu wB'ftfrnkB dh ;G
s'A gfjbh gq:'rPkbk ;Ekfgs ehsh, T[; ;w/A s'A wB'ftfrnkB dk ;zpzX doPBPk;so s'A
j'bh^j'bh xZN j[zdk frnk ns/ fJ;dk ;o{g gq:'rkswe finkdk j[zdk frnk. cb;o{g
wB'ftfrnkB dh ftPk-t;s{ wB iK nkswk s'A jNe/ wkBf;e fefonktK (Mental Activities) iK
u/szB nB[Gt (Conscious Experience) j' rJh. fJ; gfoGkPk B{z wzBDtkb/ wB'ftfrnkBeK B{z
;zouBtkdh (Structuralistis) fejk frnk. fi; ftZu ftfbnw t[zN ns/ fNu/Bo (Tichener)
gqw[Zy ;B. fJBQK wB'ftfrnkBeK d/ nB[;ko wB'ftfrnkB u/szB nB[Gt iK ssekbh nB[Gt
(Immediate Experience) d/ nfXnB dk ftfrnk j?. u/szB nB[Gt iK ssekbh nB[Gt dk
noE fJZE/ ;zt/dBk (Sensation), ebgBk (Imagination), w{os (Image), GktBk (Feeling)
nkfd wkBf;e fefonktK s'A j?. t[zN d/ nB[;ko ;zt/dBk (Sensation) u/szB nB[Gt d/
pkjow[yh t;s{ sZs (Objective element) ns/ GktBk u/szB nB[Gt d/ nzsow[yh sZs
(Subjective element) ej/ iKd/ ;B. go, ;zouBktkdhnK dh fJ; gfoGkPk

ftZu eJh d'P gkJ/ rJ/. ;G s'A gqw[Zy d'P fJj dZf;nk frnk fe feT[Afe u/szB nB[Gt dk
pkjow[yh Yzr Bkb nfXnB BjhA ehsk ik ;edk j?, fJ; soQK fJ; gfoGkPk Bkb wB'ftfrnkB
d/ gq:'rh ;o{g dh ftfynk BjhA j' ;edh j?. fJ; gfoGkPk ftZy f;oc u/szB nB[Gt d/
nfXnB T[Zs/ i'o gkfJnk frnk j?, gozs{ ftnesh d/ ;ko/ nB[Gt u/szB BjhA j[zd/, pbfe e[ZM
nB[Gt u/szB j[zd/ jB. fJ; gfoGkPk s'A sd fJj fpbe[b ;gPN BjhA j[zdk j? fe wB'ftfrnkB
dhnK ;kohnK nt;EktK dk nfXnB eodk j? iK BjhA.

;zouBktkdhnK dh gfoGkPk ftZu ewh gkJ/ ikD s/ wB'ftfrnkB dh d{ih gfoGkPk fdZsh rJh i'
fttjkotkdhnK (Behaviourists) dh ;h. fttjkotkdhnK ftZu i/H phH tkN;B (J. B. Watson)
dk Bkw gqw[Zy j?. fJBQK b'eK B/ wB'ftfrnkB B{z fttjko dk fJZe gqsZy ftfrnkB (Positive
Science of Behaviour) wzfBnk j?. fJ; gfoGkPk s'A ;gPN j? fe fJ; ftZu u/szB nB[Gt
(Conscious Experience) B{z wB'ftfrnkB dh ftPk^t;s{ s'A nbZr eo fdZsk frnk ns/ T[;dh
irQk fttjko (behaviour) B{z oZfynk frnk fi; dk ;o{g finkdk pkjow[yh (Objective) ;h,
feT[Afe fJ;B{z d/fynk iK ;[fDnk ik ;edk j?. d'VBk, o'Dk, j;Bk, ;'uBk nkfd fttjko dhnK
e[ZM gqw[Zy T[dkjoDK jB. fJ; gfoGkPk ftZu wB'ftfrnkB B{z fJZe nzsow[yh ftfrnkB
(Positive Science) wzfBnk frnk, feT[Afe fJ; ftZu fttjko Bkb ;zpzfXs fszB gZyK ^ eh
(What), feT[A (Why), ns/ fet/A (How) dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; gfoGkPk dk gqw[Zy
d'P fJj dZf;nk frnk j? fe f;oc fttjko dk nkgD/^nkg ftZu e'Jh noE BjhA j[zdk.
;ukJh fJj j? fe fe;h th fttjko dh ftnkfynk n;hA nkgD/ nB[Gt d/ nkXko T[Zs/ jh eod/
jK ns/ sd T[;dk ;jh noE fBebdk j?.

nkX[fBe wB'ftfrnkBeK B/ wB'ftfrnkB dk i' noE dZf;nk j? T[; ftZu ;Zu gZfSnk ikt/ sK
T[go'es d'jK soQK Bkb jh gfoGkPktK dk fwbkD d/yD B{z fwbdk j?. n?NfeB;B, n?NfeB;B,
;few ns/ fjbrkov (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith & Hilgard) B/ wB'ftfrnkB B{z gfoGkfPs
eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe, “wB'ftfrnkB fttjko ns/ wkBf;e gqfeqnktK dk ftfrnkBe nfXnB
j?.” gfoGkPk s'A ;gPN j? fe wB'ftfrnkB ftZu f;oc fttjko dk jh nfXnB BjhA ehsk
iKdk j?, pbfe T[jBK wkBf;e gqfeqnktK (Mental Processes) dk th nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?
fiBQK B{z pkjo s'A d/fynk BjhA ik ;edk j? ns/ fiBQK d/ pko/ ftZu fttjkoK d/ nkXko s/ f;oc
nB[wkB jh brkfJnk iKdk j? w"orB, fezr, ft;I, ns/ ;e"gbo (Morgan, King, Weisz &

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