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Educational Technology

Notes (ii) Response is that unit of behaviour which develops simple behaviour.
(iii) Continuous Reinforcement is a system in which students keep responding and reinforcement is
provided after every response.

25.6 Summary

• In Sydney (1920), L. Presse developed a teaching machine by which a series of questions is presented
in front of students and they got the information whether their answer is right or wrong immediately
after answering the question.
• “Programmed learning is a sequence of small steps of instructional material (called Games), most
of which require a response to be made by completing a blank space in a sentence. To ensure that

expected responses are given, a system of cueing is applied and each response is verified by the
provision of immediate knowledge of results.”
• Programmed Instruction and Programmed learning are considered as opposite of each other in
education sector.

25.7 Keywords

• Individual—Personal
• Instruction—Guidance

25.8 Review Questions

1. Write the definition of programmed instruction provided by various scholars.
2. Write the characteristics of programmed learning material.
3. Differentiate the programmed instruction and tradition method of teaching.
4. Explain the historical background of programmed instruction.
5. What is meant by reinforcement?
6. Describe the basic elements of programmed instruction.

Answers: Self-Assessment

1. (i) 1920 (ii) Programmed (iii) Psycho logical (iv) Opposite (v) Individual
2. (i) True (ii) False (iii) True

25.9 Further Readings

1. Educational Technology—S.K. Mangal, P.H.I. Learning.
2. Basic Premise of Educational Technology—Yogesh Kumar Singh.

214 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

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